Enterprises, senior management commitment, business strategy, accounting staff qualifications, IT systems) to the implementation of management accounting to evaluate the business's performance.
1.4.1.2. Diffusion of Innovation Theory
The Diffusion of Innovation Theory was developed in 1962 by Rogers, a communication theorist at the University of New Mexico. This theory explains how new ideas are spread by a particular community and accepted over time. The way innovations are communicated to different parts of society and the subjective opinions associated with the innovation are important factors in how quickly diffusion occurs.
The diffusion theory of innovation has been applied by scholars to research issues related to management accounting: In Dunk's (1989) study, the author used this theory to explain the slow change of the management accounting system in the production process, and at the same time discussed the application of this theory in the implementation of modern management accounting techniques. Rogers (1995) also applied this theory to examine factors affecting the application of BSC in organizations; The research results show that: There are three factors affecting the ability to accept innovation of an organization (BSC application), including: First, Personal characteristics of the manager such as the manager's awareness of BSC, the manager's commitment to preparing resources for the organization to implement an innovation; Second, Organizational culture: Organizational culture has an important meaning in the implementation of new ideas and plans. If an organization has good connection, communication, and sharing among departments in the enterprise, it is beneficial for the dissemination of innovations and vice versa; Third, External characteristics of the organization: In addition to internal factors of the organization, external characteristics also have a significant impact on innovation acceptance behavior such as a highly competitive environment that can stimulate the adoption of new initiatives. Pham Thi Kim Yen (2019) also applied the diffusion of innovation theory to examine the influence of the "Manager" factor on the application of BSC in Vietnamese hotel service enterprises; The research results show that "Perception of the usefulness of BSC by hotel managers" has a positive impact on the decision to use BSC to evaluate performance.
In this study, the researcher applies the diffusion of innovation theory to examine and explain the influence of the factors "Senior managers' perception of the usefulness of management accounting in evaluating business performance" and "Corporate culture" on the implementation of management accounting to evaluate business performance.
1.4.2. Building a model of factors affecting the implementation of management accounting to evaluate performance in enterprises
The overview of the research shows that there are many studies in the world and in Vietnam that have examined the impact of factors on the application of international accounting in enterprises in general (including international accounting techniques for evaluating business performance) and on the use of the system of indicators for evaluating business performance in particular; Each study was conducted in a specific context of time, country, type of enterprise and gave results on influencing factors that were not completely similar, there were factors that were proven to have an impact in this study but were considered to have no impact in another study. Therefore, when proposing a research model on factors influencing the implementation of international accounting to evaluate business performance of enterprises in Vietnam, the researcher did not use an entire research model of any author but combined the influencing factors in the models of the two research directions above. Accordingly, the factors affecting the implementation of KTQT to evaluate the performance of enterprises are presented in the table below:
Table 1.4: Summary table of factors affecting the implementation of KTQT to evaluate the performance of enterprises
STT
Element | Author source | |
1 | Business size | Ahmada et al. (2016), Abdel and Luther, (2008), Ahmad (2012), Tran Ngoc Hung (2016), Le Thi Tu Oanh et al. (2019), Hoque and James (2000). |
2 | Senior management perceptions of the usefulness of applying KTQT to Business Performance Evaluation | Ahmad (2012), Vu Manh Chien and Nguyen Thi Thuy (2016), Le Thi Tu Oanh and colleagues (2019). |
3 | Senior Management Commitment | Cheng, MI et al. (2007), Ahmada et al. (2016), Tung et al. (2011), Vo Van Nhi and Nguyen Thi Huyen Tram (2020). |
4 | Business strategy of DN | Baines and LangfieldSmith (2003), Tuan Mat (2010), Tran Ngoc Hung, (2016). |
5 | Corporate culture | Erserim (2012), Tran Ngoc Hung (2016), Le Thi Tu Oanh and colleagues (2019) |
6 | Accounting staff qualifications | Feeney (2007), Tran Ngoc Hung (2016), Vu Manh Chien and Nguyen Thi Thuy (2016). |
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Information technology system believe | Vu Manh Chien and Nguyen Thi Thuy (2016), Garengo and Bititci (2007). | |
8 | Level of business environment competition | Ahmad (2012), Tran Ngoc Hung (2016), Le Thi Tu Oanh et al. (2019), Basheikh and Abdel (2005), Abdel et al. (2005a), Vo Van Nhi and Nguyen Thi Huyen Tram (2020). |
9 | Customer Resources | Abdel and Luther (2008) |
10 | Advanced manufacturing techniques – ATM, total manufacturing techniques – TQM, JIT management | Abdel and Luther (2008) |
(Source: NCS synthesis)
Based on the fundamental theories in section 1.4.1. and the influencing factors synthesized from the above research overview, the researcher plans to model the theoretical factors influencing the implementation of KTQT to evaluate the performance of enterprises as summarized in Figure 1.6:
Business size
Senior management perceptions of usefulness
of international accounting in evaluating business performance
Level of human
accountant
H1
H2
H6
H3
Senior Management Commitment
IT systems
H7
Implementing KTQT
to evaluate the performance of travel agencies
H4
Corporate culture
H8
H5
Level of competition
of the environment
H9
H10
Business strategy
Advanced manufacturing techniques – ATM, manufacturing techniques
Total Quality Management – TQM, JIT Management Technique
Resources
client
(Source: NCS proposal)
Figure 1.6: Theoretical model of studying factors affecting the implementation of international accounting to evaluate the performance of enterprises
CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 1
Chapter 1 of the thesis presents the content related to: First, management accounting (overviewing the formation and development process of management accounting according to IFAC - emphasizing the formation of techniques to evaluate operational performance, concepts of management accounting and presenting the PhD student's viewpoint on the concept of management accounting - as a basis for presenting issues on management accounting to evaluate operational performance); Second, business performance; Third, management accounting with the evaluation of operational performance in enterprises (content approaches according to work stages from Establishing a system of evaluation indicators; Collecting data for evaluating operational performance; Processing and analyzing information on operational performance; Providing information on operational performance of enterprises); Fourth, factors affecting the implementation of management accounting to evaluate operational performance in enterprises. These contents will be the basis for the researcher to continue to conduct a survey on the implementation of KTQT to evaluate the performance of Vietnamese travel businesses and determine the level of influence of each factor on this activity in the following chapters.
CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1. Thesis research process
The researcher conducted the thesis according to the following research process:
Research context
Research problem
- General theory of international accounting with the assessment of business performance
- Current status of international economics with evaluation of operational efficiency of Vietnamese travel businesses
- Factors affecting the implementation of international accounting to evaluate the operational performance of Vietnamese travel businesses
- Recommendations and solutions on implementing international accounting to evaluate the operational performance of Vietnamese travel businesses
Qualitative research methods
- Document research method
- In-depth interview
- Building research models
Quantitative research methods
- Survey design
- Trial study
- Formal research
Qualitative research results
- Content of KTQT with evaluation of business performance
- Research model of influencing factors and appropriate measurement scale
- Current status of implementing international accounting to evaluate operational efficiency in Vietnamese travel businesses
Quantitative research results
- Synthesize survey results on the current status of implementing international accounting to evaluate operational efficiency in Vietnamese travel businesses.
- Identify factors affecting the implementation of international accounting to evaluate the operational performance of Vietnamese travel businesses.
Recommendations and solutions on implementing international accounting to evaluate the operational performance of tourism businesses
Vietnamese onion
Figure 2.1. Thesis research process
(Source: Construction NCS)
2.2. Qualitative research methods
2.2.1. Document research method
The researcher uses this method to synthesize studies on general management accounting, evaluation indexes, management accounting with the evaluation of business performance and factors affecting the application of management accounting in general, the use of a system of performance evaluation indexes in particular, management accounting with the evaluation of business performance to systematize and clarify the theory of management accounting with the evaluation of business performance and determine the model of factors affecting this activity.
The process of using this method is used in 04 steps:
Step 1: Search for relevant data sources: PhD students search for relevant documents by searching for key words on Google Scholar, articles in the Scopus and Web of Science categories, doctoral theses from the National Library website, national and international scientific conference proceedings, etc.
Step 2: Data extraction: In the results of research works obtained from data search, the researcher only filters articles of quality (shown by the number of citations, prioritizing articles in the Scopus catalog), domestic e-books, books, textbooks, and doctoral theses that are closely related to the research content (references are specifically cited in the Reference List).
Step 3: Synthesize research results of previous research works, analyze documents, evaluate and inherit content related to the research problem.
Step 4: Systematize the theoretical basis of management accounting with the evaluation of operational performance in enterprises and factors affecting the implementation of management accounting to evaluate the operational performance of enterprises.
2.2.2. Interview method
NCS uses this method to collect information from business managers about business objectives and information needs about business performance; collect information from Chief Accountants and accounting staff directly performing business performance assessment to understand the process of work that accountants perform to assess business performance; interview experts to ask for opinions on factors in the proposed research model that affect the implementation of management accounting to assess business performance of Vietnamese travel businesses.
In-depth interview methods include structured in-depth interviews, semi-structured in-depth interviews and unstructured in-depth interviews. In order to achieve the research objectives of the thesis, the researcher applies the semi-structured in-depth interview method. Accordingly, a questionnaire
The questionnaire was prepared in advance to conduct in-depth interviews with experts in two groups of travel businesses of different sizes (large-scale businesses and small and medium-sized businesses) in a repetitive manner. The questionnaire includes flexible questions that can be answered in the form of ready-made answers or depending on the actual situation - the researcher can ask additional questions to receive new answers from the respondent to better understand the issue that the interviewee answered the previous question (Appendix 01a, 01b). In particular, Appendix 01a is for managers with 8 hard questions, aiming to collect information on the business's operational goals and information needs on the business's performance and ask for opinions on influencing factors and scales for each factor. Appendix 01b is for Chief Accountants and Management Accountants with 11 questions/groups of questions, to obtain information on the process of work that accountants perform to evaluate the performance of enterprises and to ask for opinions on the factors in the proposed research model that affect the implementation of management accounting to evaluate the performance of Vietnamese travel enterprises.
Identifying interview subjects : To collect information for the research purposes of the thesis, the researcher identified in-depth interview subjects as managers at all levels in the enterprise and Chief Accountants, General Accountants, and Administrative Accountants of travel enterprises that have conducted QA to evaluate the enterprise's performance; Because (1) Only managers know what information they need about QA, when QA needs to provide information, and they are also the ones who have an overview of the enterprise's performance after each certain period; (2) Only Chief Accountants, General Accountants, or Administrative Accountants assigned to conduct QA evaluation are the ones who directly or in conjunction with some heads of functional departments/divisions of the enterprise organize the evaluation of the enterprise's performance, so they will clearly understand the process and how to do this work. The selected interviewees have a university degree or higher, have work experience, and are knowledgeable about management and management accounting issues, so their responses are guaranteed to be reliable. The list of interviewees is shown in Appendix 02 - However, to ensure confidentiality of the interviewees, NCS has coded the names of the experts by abbreviating them according to the first letters of each word.
Interview format: The researcher conducts a combination of in-depth interviews with different experts (face-to-face or by phone) to create the most comfortable experience for the interviewee. Each interview usually lasts from 30 to 40 minutes. The number of interviews is conducted with the following criteria: Conduct until the saturation point is found (ie no new factors are discovered) then stop the interview (Nguyen Dinh Tho, 2013). In this study, the researcher conducted the ninth interview and found no new points compared to the previous interviews. However
However, to ensure certainty, the researcher conducted a tenth interview, but did not discover any new points, so the researcher stopped the interview after this interview. The results of the interviews were signed and recorded (only a few interviewees agreed to record) to serve the purpose of data synthesis, the data synthesis table is shown in Appendix 03(a), 03(b).
2.2.3. Building hypotheses and research models
The research overview has identified 10 factors that influence the application of international accounting in general and the use of the system of indicators to evaluate the performance of the business in particular, in enterprises of different types of business. However, the objective of this research is to identify the factors and their level of influence on the implementation of international accounting to evaluate the performance of Vietnamese travel enterprises, so there will certainly be inappropriate factors. Therefore, to build hypotheses and research models, the researcher relies on the following criteria:
Criterion 1: Prioritize factors that are proven to have an impact on the application of international accounting in enterprises (in which the dependent variable "Application of international accounting in enterprises" includes international accounting techniques for evaluating business performance); Especially studies whose survey subjects are enterprises in Vietnam.
Criterion 2 : Prioritize variables that have been proven by many studies to have an impact on the application of KTQT in general or on the use of the evaluation index system in particular.
The following factors (Customer resource, advanced manufacturing techniques - ATM, total manufacturing techniques - TQM, JIT management techniques, Imitation, management decentralization) were not included in the research model because previous documents have limited evidence of a positive relationship between these variables with the application of management accounting and evaluation of operational efficiency, specifically:
+ The factor “Customer resources” was eliminated and not included in the empirical research model of the impact of factors on the implementation of international accounting to evaluate the operational performance of Vietnamese travel enterprises. Because, according to the understanding of the researcher, this variable has only been proven to have an impact on the sophistication of international accounting in enterprises by Abdel and Luther (2008) when considering “Customer resources” as one of the special factors of the industry, associated with the specific context of food and beverage enterprises (customers of the surveyed enterprises are companies with small supermarket chains, each enterprise has only about 5-8 large customers, clearly identifying customer requirements, so these enterprises need to use more sophisticated international accounting techniques to improve