by + specific time = before, until (action must happen by then) by + means of transport = go by
by then = until then (used for both QK and TL) by way of= by way of... = via
by the way = by chance by the way = by the by = by the way
by far + comparison (usually superlative) => used to emphasize by accident = by mistake = by chance, randomly >< on purose
In = inside In + month/year
In time for = In good time for = On time (usually on time for something, a little earlier than the scheduled time) In the street = on the street
In the morning/afternoon/evening
In the past/future = before, in the past/ in the future In future = from now on = from now on
In the beginning/ end = at first/ last = at first/ last In the way = to block the way
Once in a while = sometimes, occasionally
In no time at all = in a flash, a moment In the mean time = meanwhile = at the same time
In the middle of (place)= in the middle In the army/ airforce/ navy
In + the + No. + row = the...
In the event that = in case In case = in case, in case
Get/ be in touch/ contact with Sb = contact, contact with someone
On = on the surface:
On + day of the week/ month
On + a/the + means of transport = on the trip/ on board... On + street = address... (like BE: in + street)
On the + STT + floor = on the...
On time = right on time (regardless of external conditions, stronger meaning than in time) On the corner of = at the corner of the street (between two streets)
Attention:
In the corner = in the inside corner
At the corner = at the outside corner/ at the street corner On the sidewalk = pavement = on the sidewalk Note:
On the pavement (AE)= on the asphalt
(Don't brake quickly on the pavement or you can slice into another car) On the way to: on the way to >< on the way back to: on the way back
On the right/left
On TV/ on the radio
On the phone/ telephone = to call, talk on the phone On the phone = is there a telephone at home (Are you on the phone?) On the whole= in general, in general
On the other hand = however= however Note:
On the one hand = on the other hand = on the other hand
(On the one hand, we must learn the basic grammar, and on the other hand, we must combine it with listening comprehension)
on sale = for sale = for sale
on sale (AE)= at a discount (BE) on foot = on foot
At = at At + house number
At + specific time At home/ school/ work
At night/noon (AE : at noon = at twelve = midday (she was invited to the party at noon, but she was 15 minutes late))
At least = at least >< at most = at most At once = immediately
At present/ the moment = now
Note: The above two idioms are equivalent to presently but presently will be different in meaning if it
stand in different positions in the sentence:
Sentence + presently (= soon): immediately ( She will be here presently/soon)
Presently + sentence (= Afterward/ and then): right after (Presently, I heard her leave the room) S + to be + presently + Ving = at present/ at the moment ( He is presently working toward his Ph.D. degree)
At times = sometimes, occasionally
At first = at first >< at last = at last
At the beginning of / at the end of... = at the beginning / at the end (used for time and place). At + names of holidays: at Christmas, at Thanks Giving...
But on + holiday name + day = on Christmas day ...
In the informal E. form, on before days of the week is sometimes omitted: She is going to see her boss (on) Sun. morning.
At/in/on are not usually used in time expressions when present: next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some, all
At + location: at the center of the building
At + major places (when referring to it as a transit or meeting place): The plane stopped 1 hour at Washington DC before continuing on to Atlanta.
At + name of large buildings (when considering an action that happens there without mentioning the building): There is a good movie at the Center Theater.
At + proper name of organization: She works at Legal & General Insurance.
At + proper name of university campus or area: She is studying at the London school of Economics.
At + name of group activities: at a party/ lecture...
Some idioms used with prepositions On the beach: on the beach
Along the beach: along the beach
In place of = Instead of: instead of, instead of.
For the most part: mainly.
In hope of + V-ing = Hoping to + V = Hoping that + sentence = with hope of. off and on: persistent, recurring
all of a sudden= suddenly = suddenly for good = forever: forever, forever.
48. Some common phrasal verbs
These are verbs combined with 1, 2 or sometimes 3 prepositions, when combined in such a form their semantics change completely compared to the original meaning.
To break off: to end, to cut off, to terminate.
To bring up: to raise an issue
To call on: to request / to visit
To care for: to like / look after, to care for (look after)
To check out (of/from) a library: to borrow books from the library
To check out: to investigate, to consider.
To check out (of): to check out (of hotel, airport) <> check in.
To check (up) on: to investigate, to consider.
To close in (on): to come closer, to run closer
To come along with: to go along with
To count on = depend on = rely on
To come down with: to suffer from a disease
Do away with = get rid of: get rid of, eliminate, eliminate
To daw up = to draft: to draft (a plan, a contract)
To drop out of = to withdraw from: to quit (especially to drop out of school)
To figure out: To imagine, to understand.
To find out: to discover, to discover.
To get by: to get by day by day, to survive
To get through with: to end
To get through to: to inform someone, to call (on the phone), to find a way to make someone understand
To get up: to wake up/ to organize.
To give up: to give up, to give up
To go along with: to agree with
To hold on to: to maintain
To hold up: to rob / still hold on, still maintain, still live normally, still be usable (regardless of external pressure or long-term use)
To keep on doing smt: to continue doing something without stopping
To look after: to look after, to care for
To look into: to investigate, to consider
To pass out = to faint: to faint (intransitive verb, not passive)
To pick out: to choose out, to select out, to pick out
To point out: to point out, to outline
To put off: to delay, to postpone
To run across: to discover, to discover (by chance)
To run into sb: to meet someone unexpectedly
To see about to: worry, care, run around
To take off: to take off <> to land
To take over for: to take over for
to talk over: to discuss
to try out: to test, to try out (a product)
to try out for: to audition (for a play, performance)
To turn in: to hand in, submit / go to bed
To watch out for: to be alert, to keep an eye on, to keep an eye on (both literally and figuratively)
Table of irregular verbs
Present
Past | Past Participle | |
beige | was, were | been |
become | became | become |
begin | began | begun |
blow | blew | blown |
break | broke | broken |
bring | brought | brought |
build | built | built |
burst | burst | burst |
buy | bought | bought |
catch | caught | caught |
choose | chose | chosen |
come | came | come |
cut | cut | cut |
deal | dealt | dealt |
by | did | done |
drink | drank | drunk |
drive | drove | driven |
eat | ate | eaten |
fall | fell | fallen |
feed | fed | fed |
feel | felt | felt |
fight | fought | fought |
find | found | found |
fly | flew | flown |
Forbidden | forgive | forbidden |
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forget
forgot | forgotten | |
forgive | forget | forgive |
freeze | frozen | frozen |
get | got | gotten |
give | gave | given |
go | went | gone |
grow | grew | grown |
have | had | had |
hear | heard | heard |
hide | hid | hidden |
hold | held | held |
hurt | hurt | hurt |
keep | kept | kept |
know | knew | known |
lay | laid | laid |
lead | led | led |
leave | left | left |
let | let | let |
lie | lay | leave |
lose | lost | lost |
make | made | made |
meet | meter | meter |
pay | paid | paid |
quit | quit | quit |
read | read | read |
ride | rode | ridden |
ring | roast | vibrate |
rise | rose | rise |
run | ran | run |
drunk | said | said |
see | saw | seen |
seek | sought | sought |
sell | sold | sold |
send | sent | sent |
shake | shake | shake |
shine
shine | shine | |
sing | luxurious | fig |
sit | sat | sat |
sleep | slept | slept |
speak | spoke | spoken |
spend | spent | spent |
spring | spread | spring |
stand | stood | stood |
steal | stole | stolen |
swim | Swam | swum |
swing | swung | swung |
take | took | taken |
teach | taught | taught |
tear | tore | torn |
tell | told | told |
think | thought | thought |
throw | threw | thrown |
understand | understood | understood |
wake | woke | woken |
wear | wore | worn |
win | won | won |
write | wrote | written |