Theory of Social Work Services and Social Work Services for Migrant Workers in the Non-State Economic Sector

class 1, serious illness requiring health insurance or poor household code,... and the main source of information they often access is the landlord [103]. In addition, they are more interested in jobs, income, insurance, maternity, labor contracts than learning about the content, procedures and processes of social security policies and programs [1]; [133].

Migrant workers in the KTPNN area face many difficulties in educating their children, finding jobs, getting medical treatment, finding resources, accessing information, etc. Therefore, migrant workers in this area are a disadvantaged and vulnerable group in urban areas, but they have very little access to social security programs and policies. The household registration system is limiting migrant workers' access to social services in the places they go to [43]; [20]; [158].

Workers in the informal sector often lack financial resources and time, leading to limited knowledge of social security policies. They spend most of their time working and solving immediate problems, so they have no time to learn about social security services or social security policies related to their interests. They are indifferent to activities in the community where they are temporarily residing, leading to passiveness in searching for information or support services, making it difficult to access information about social security services. Mass media is a powerful force in the development of public opinion and plays an important role in forming and changing public opinion [146]; [168]. Most of the workers in the informal sector access limited sources of information through landlords, friends and family networks.

In general, migrant worker households have relatively difficult living conditions and circumstances, so they often choose places with poor urban infrastructure and heavy pollution to live. To reduce monthly expenses, they rent a room together. Therefore, the density of people living under one roof is very high, this is a very common phenomenon in districts with a high concentration of migrant workers such as District 12, Binh Tan, Go Vap, Nha Be, etc. The situation of buying and selling, transferring land and houses is mainly done by hand in places where people live in high concentration, making social order difficult to control [38]; [116].

Studies also show that most migrant workers in the KTPNN sector often do not settle permanently in their new place of residence and above all, still maintain close ties with their hometown. Therefore, they often do not care much about household registration/temporary residence books, only when their family has any related problems will they do it. The registration of temporary residence and temporary absence is left to the landlords to do as an administrative procedure rather than to access social services. This entrustment of registration leads to their inability to distinguish between the status of

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Their registration status is temporary (KT3) or permanent (KT4) and they do not have access to local social security policies [1]; [128]; [103].

The role of social networks has a strong impact on migrant workers in the KTPNN sector in accessing social services. The social networks of migrant workers (fellow countrymen, friends, relatives) have created social capital, not only money, assets, but also information, knowledge, experience, and timely necessary support (both material and spiritual) for new migrants. It helps reduce the costs (economic, psychological) of the migration process, and increases the chances of success [1]; [4]; [62]; [80]; [112]; [98]. The social networks of migrants are the main support in their daily lives, an important institution to replace the lack of external social protection.

In addition, migrant workers in this area face many difficulties in accessing social services because they are not registered as residents. They are people living in the same residential area of the urban community but do not have the same rights as local people, and cannot access social services, including poverty reduction programs. They often live isolated from the local community, so they have very little or almost no access to social services of the Government and social organizations, and when they do access services, they are of poor quality, or at higher service costs such as health care, education, water, electricity, etc. Their lives are unstable due to the lack of necessary resources and social relations [4]; [81]; [66].

Thus, the above analysis shows that the labor force in the KTPNN sector often has the following characteristics:

- Regarding gender and age: Age tends to be younger, the age group from 15 to 39 years old accounts for the highest proportion and the number of female migrants is higher than that of male migrants.

- Housing and working conditions and nature of work: Most of the workers have difficult economic conditions, they often choose accommodation with low rental prices but the conditions are not guaranteed. Workers often work in the KTPNN sector with a high proportion, do not sign labor contracts and do not participate in compulsory social insurance and health insurance. The nature of the work is hard, the income is low and unstable.

- Professional qualifications: Depending on the job of the KTPNN sector, freelance workers are mainly low-qualified, often doing simple jobs that do not require skills. In addition, they are less concerned with aspects of safety and occupational hygiene for themselves, only interested in having a job that ensures personal income and savings for the family.

- Basic social services: Workers in the KTPNN sector are a disadvantaged and vulnerable group. They face many difficulties in accessing basic social services at their place.

such as: Not being eligible to study at public schools due to overloaded infrastructure, healthcare, having to pay high electricity and water bills...

- The social network of migrant workers is mainly (fellow countrymen, friends, relatives), they rarely participate in community activities at the destination so they do not grasp information about social security policies, especially information about social services and face many difficulties in accessing services at the destination because they are not registered for residence.

2.2. Theory of social work services and social work services for migrant workers in the non-state economic sector

2.2.1. Social worker

Social workers are people who are trained and equipped with knowledge and skills in social work. Their tasks are: to help subjects improve their ability to solve and cope with problems in life; to create opportunities for subjects to access necessary resources; to promote interactions between individuals, between individuals and the environment, to influence social policies, agencies, and organizations for the benefit of individuals, families, groups, and communities through research and practical activities [72, p. 85].

Thus, social workers are people who work in many fields, are trained formally and semi-professionally, and are equipped with knowledge and skills in social work to help workers in the KTPNN sector solve their problems in order to improve their ability to solve problems in life .

In service provision activities, social workers perform the following tasks:

- Help individuals, families, groups and communities solve difficult problems;

- Connect clients to services and resources in society;

- Promote and provide support services and resources that meet the needs of service users.

- Participate in social criticism, build and perfect the social security policy system for employees working in the public service sector.

2.2.2. Social work services for workers entering the non-state economic sector

2.2.2.1. Services, social services

Nowadays, the concept of service is understood in many different ways and is associated with the process of social development. According to the Vietnamese Dictionary: Service is a type of work that directly serves certain needs of the majority, is organized and is paid [131].

In economics, services are understood as things similar to goods but are immaterial [131]. From an economic perspective, the nature of services is the supply to meet needs such as: tourism, fashion, health care, ... and bring profits.

According to Philip Kotler (2006), a service is an activity or benefit offered for exchange that is essentially intangible and does not result in the ownership of anything. The performance of the service may or may not be tied to a physical product [153].

Authors Tran Hau and Doan Minh Tuan (2012) believe that services are social labor activities that create products and goods that exist in invisible forms to satisfy people's production and living needs [quoted from 78;18].

Social services are services that aim to assist, promote, or restore the functions of individuals or families, providing conditions to ensure their social development. Social services can be provided by individuals or organizations, they not only serve individuals and families but also social groups, participating in solving problems and meeting social needs. Social services are closely linked to the functional task of serving society, satisfying the needs of people in the social community (Alfred Kahn, 1973) [quoted from 78; p18].

According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), social services are activities that provide services to meet the needs of individuals and certain groups of people to ensure social values and norms [23].

Authors Tran Hau and Doan Minh Tuan (2012) believe that social services are services that meet the needs of the community and individuals to develop society, play a role in ensuring happiness, welfare, social justice and promoting the humanity of each person. Social services are economic and social activities provided by the State, the market or civil society depending on the purely public, non-public or private nature of each service sector, including the fields of education, training, science, technology; health, culture, information, ... and other social assistance [54]. Social services have the following characteristics:

- Is a type of service that aims to develop society and has a social nature. Social services exist to ensure social norms and values, support people in society to prevent and limit risks.

- Performed by public or non-public agencies.

- Always regulated by ethical, cultural, human values and social responsibilities of the State, business or private sector.

- Every citizen has the right to enjoy services regardless of how much tax they pay.

- Is an essential service for everyone in society.

- Currently, based on the nature of the service and the service provider, people have come up with many ways to classify social services such as: Basic social services and advanced social services; public social services and private social services; paid social services and free social services,... [quoted from 78].

Author Truong Nguyen Bao Tran (2016), social services are assistance, personal rehabilitation, ensuring social welfare or ensuring development conditions for groups of individuals and families and are provided by state or private agencies in the fields of health, education, culture, employment...[128; p. 21].

2.2.2.2. Social work services

Social work is a newly developed profession in Vietnam, so the terms social work service and social work service network have not been mentioned much. However, in recent years, the Government has issued a project to develop social work profession in the period 2010-2020 with the goal of: "Developing social work into a profession in Vietnam. Raising awareness of the whole society about the social work profession; building a team of cadres, civil servants, employees and social work collaborators with sufficient quantity and quality requirements, associated with developing a network of social work service providers at all levels, contributing to building an advanced social security system " has been mentioned by a number of interested researchers.

According to author Nguyen Hai Huu (2011), in the article "Developing the network of social work services and social workers" mentioned: " The terms of social services and social service provision are familiar to us. For example, people who are sick need to be treated and they are the ones who have to buy the service, from which there is a need to train healers such as nurses, physicians, and doctors. Similarly, people will have a need to understand society, from which there is a need to train teachers for all levels of education and teachers will be the ones providing teaching services " [66]. Thus, when referring to social work services, service provision needs to have two constituent elements: people who need to use the service and service providers who are trained and have knowledge of social work.

Social work services can be considered a type of social service provided by social workers. The provision of social work services cannot be separated from medical services, educational services, communication services, etc. Thus, in the process of implementing social work services, social workers must have close connections with other social services [118; p. 195].

Social work services are support and intervention services for individuals, families, groups, communities and society to help subjects solve their problems, ensure a suitable life and environment, and meet the best interests of clients [73; p187].

Meanwhile, author Bui Thi Xuan Mai (2014), "DVCTXH is also a social service, however, it focuses more on social assistance activities or services for people with social problems, especially groups of people in difficult circumstances such as people with disabilities, children in special circumstances, the elderly/lonely elderly without support, people affected by HIV/AIDS, victims of domestic violence, victims of human trafficking, homeless people, people who use drugs, people with mental health problems, the poor..." [78; p.19].

Thus, social work services are also a form of social services, through support activities, interventions with individuals, families, groups and society by staff (social workers or employees) to provide services such as information support on housing; employment; psychology; health, education; access to information on services, etc. Social work services emphasize the professionalism of social workers in providing social assistance services for groups of people with social problems, especially the disadvantaged according to the process of individual social work, family social work, group social work or community and aim to improve the quality of life for people.

2.2.2.3. Concept of services and social work models for migrant workers

* Concept of social work services for migrant workers

In Vietnam, household registration is closely related to the issue of migration, because it controls and monitors changes in the residence of people by dividing them into different types of residence, each of which has different rights and obligations. Only those who are registered as permanent residents in the place where they live are entitled to all government services, the rest have to pay for those services or do not enjoy these services [28].

When referring to the concept of social work services for disadvantaged groups, author Ha Thi Thu (2016) stated that: Social work services for disadvantaged groups are the provision of activities of risk prevention - overcoming and community integration for disadvantaged groups based on their basic needs to ensure social values and norms [118; p. 195].

According to author Truong Nguyen Bao Tran (2016), social work services for migrant workers are activities provided by social workers with the aim of improving problems and needs of migrant workers, their families and communities, enhancing social functions and self-reliance and minimizing difficulties and connecting resources, advocating policies towards integration, improving quality of life, and ensuring social security [128, p. 22].

Social work services are activities carried out by trained social workers, through the use of professional knowledge, skills and social work methods, to assist individuals, families and communities to improve their capacity to perform social functions; at the same time, promote the social environment of policies, resources and services to help individuals, families and communities solve and prevent social problems, contributing to ensuring social security for people [67, p54].

Through the analysis of the concepts of social work services, it can be seen that: Social work services for workers in the non-state economic zone are social work services that seek, mobilize and connect resources, introduce services, promote potential, internal and external resources in society provided by public and non-public social work service providers to support workers in the non-state economic zone to solve their problems. At the same time, social work services coordinate with departments and branches in proposing and recommending adjustments to a number of policies and regulations to limit negative factors and promote positive impacts brought by workers in the non-state economic zone. Social work services are extremely important in creating favorable conditions and premises for individuals, families, groups or communities with problems to have the necessary support to overcome difficulties and strive to integrate into the community.

In summary, social services for migrant workers in the KTPNN sector are support and intervention services provided by professional and semi-professional social workers at facilities providing social services to individuals, families, groups, and communities to help migrant workers in the KTPNN sector solve their problems, ensure a suitable life and environment, meet the best interests and aim to improve the quality of life, ensure social security for migrant workers in the KTPNN sector at the destination .

In other words, social work services for migrant workers in the KTPNN area are services that support information on safe housing; counseling, consultation, vocational training and employment support; support for accessing public education; support for connecting and referring by professional and semi-professional social workers to migrant workers in the KTPNN area and their families to solve problems and help them stabilize, improve their quality of life and effectively integrate into the destination community.

* The social work service model has the following characteristics:

- Model of providing social services: Currently in Vietnam, the model of providing social services is social work centers, this model is being encouraged to develop in provinces/cities. Some centers have added functions and tasks of providing services to support individuals, families, and communities to improve their social functions, contributing to ensuring social security and justice [78].

- Beneficiaries: The model of providing social work services is often vulnerable groups such as children; people with disabilities; the elderly; people with mental illness; victims of domestic violence; people with HIV/AIDS; including workers in the KTPNN sector and their family members, and all people have the right to receive services and are not discriminated against or treated. The services provided aim to prevent, support, recover or develop.

- The purpose of the social work service model is to develop society, support members of society to use services to meet their needs, ensure social security for workers, ensure social safety, etc. to prevent, limit and overcome risks.

- Sector classification: Providing a variety of services to people. This thesis will discuss some types of services such as consulting, counseling (psychology, health, policy, employment, etc.); providing information on safe housing; employment, vocational training, livelihood support; education, connection and referral.

- Classification by service provider: Social work services are provided by public or non-public facilities and centers such as private non-governmental organizations or other social and religious organizations. The network of social work service providers is grouped into service providers to comprehensively meet the different needs of workers in the KTPNN sector.

- Service providers can be commune/ward officials; professional or semi-professional social workers in many different fields such as consulting, consultancy; employment; education; social security policy; social assistance, etc., linked together by the function of operating in the field of providing social services and they exchange and share knowledge and skills with each other to enhance the provision of social services for workers in the KTPNN sector in need.

- Form of provision: Depending on each subject, they pay the full fee or have the fee reduced or are exempted from the fee when using the service. Currently, disadvantaged subjects are exempted from the fee when using social work services. In the near future, the provision of social work services will be expanded to subjects who need to use the service and have to pay the fee.

- Support methods: Depending on each client's problem, social workers can use individual social work, group social work or community social work methods to plan to support clients in solving their problems.

* Criteria for evaluating the quality of social services for employees

- Availability of service types: The number and variety of social service types provided by professional and semi-professional staff for workers to easily use when they need them.

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