Part 2
DOCUMENT OVERVIEW
2.1. Conditions of the internship facility
2.1.1. Natural conditions and facilities of the camp
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2.1.1.1. Natural conditions
* Geographical location:
- The pig farm of Hoa Phat Bac Giang Livestock Company Limited is located in Long Son commune, Son Dong district, Bac Giang province. It is a farm of Hoa Phat Bac Giang Livestock Company Limited belonging to Hoa Phat Livestock Development Joint Stock Company - Hoa Phat Group. The farm was established and put into production in 2016.
- The camp is located in area 1 of Dieu village, Tau village, Long Son commune, Son Dong district, Bac Giang province. The total area is 15 hectares, 20km south-southeast of An Chau town, Son Dong district, Bac Giang province. The camp is located near National Highway 279, an important inter-provincial route of the northern mountainous provinces connecting National Highway 31 with Provincial Road 326, facilitating trade between An Chau town, Son Dong district and Tan Dan commune, Hoanh Bo district, Quang Ninh province.
- The camp is surrounded by high hills, about 800m from the residential area, about 3km southwest of Long Son Commune People's Committee.
- Geographical location of the camp:
+ Southeast: about 1.5km from National Highway 279
+ Northeast: adjacent to Dieu village field
+ Northwest: adjacent to Dieu village production forest
+ Southwest: adjacent to Tau village production forest
- Son Dong district has an area of 845.77km², population in 2009 was 67,724 people.
* Climate conditions:
- The pig farm is located in a typical climate zone, with four seasons each year: spring, summer, autumn and winter. Spring and autumn are two transitional seasons, with a temperate climate, hot summers with lots of rain, and cold, dry winters with little rain.
- Average temperature: 22.6ºC
- Average highest temperature: 32.9ºC
- Lowest average temperature: 11.6ºC
- Average annual rainfall: 1,564mm
2.1.1.2. Organizational structure of the camp
- The farm operates according to the company's farm method. Technical staff of Hoa Phat Bac Giang Livestock Company Limited is responsible for and supervises all activities of the farm.
The camp's organizational structure consists of 2 groups of 44 staff members:
- Indirect labor has 11 people:
+ General Director: 1 person
+ Accountant: 1 person
+ Gardening, cooking: 2 people
+ Cleaning: 1 person
+ Electromechanical: 4 people
+ Security: 2 people
- Direct labor force: 29 people:
+ Animal husbandry engineer: 5 people
+ Workers: 20 people
+ Internship students: 4 students
2.1.1.3. Camp facilities
- The company's pig farm is built on an area of over 5 hectares as a pig farm, 1.5 hectares as a fish pond, the rest is an operating house, housing for workers, kitchen and ancillary works serving workers and other activities of the farm and areas outside the farm.
- Pig breeding farm provided by Hoa Phat Bac Giang Livestock Company Limited.
- Production area includes 3 barns: mating barn + pregnancy barn - farrowing barn
- weaning barn + meat barn, including:
+ Mating and pregnancy barns include: 2 mating barns, 2 pregnancy barns, 1 reserve development barn.
+ The farrowing barn has: 3 farrowing barns, each with 120 stalls.
+ Weaning barn + meat barn has: 4 weaning barns, each with 32 stalls, 2 meat barns with 32 stalls.
+ The farrowing and weaning pens have hard plastic floors for easy cleaning and disinfection, while the meat pens and the mating and pregnancy pens have concrete floors. The farm is divided into many interconnected barns to raise pigs at different stages and apply appropriate nutritional regimens for each type of pig. Pigs are raised in closed barns with ventilation fans, cooling racks, and heating systems that meet temperature requirements.
- The farm applies high-tech processes from breed selection, diet and sow and piglet care processes set forth by the company.
- Feed for all stages of pigs is high quality complete mixed feed produced by Hoa Phat Hung Yen Animal Feed Company Limited.
- In the livestock area, the roads between the pens and other areas are all concreted and have disinfection pits, the ditch system is always connected to the biogas tank for treatment.
- The water system in the pig farm for drinking is well water. Water for bathing pigs, rinsing the floor, and cleaning the pens is pumped from the farm's water pond to the tank and through the water pipe system to the different pens.
- Other projects:
+ The camp gate area has a guard house and a disinfection house. The camp is surrounded by a system of concrete and steel fences.
+ Near the farm's breeding area, build an isolation house with a disinfection system, an office for farm technical staff, a dining room, 2 rows of houses, toilets for farm staff, 1 UV warehouse, 1 medicine warehouse, 1 bran warehouse, 1 disinfection house for changing clothes and bathing workers.
+ In addition, the camp also built 2 wells and 2 tanks to provide clean water for the daily life of officers and workers in the camp.
The farm has contributed to solving employment for workers in this difficult area. With industrial pig farming, disease prevention measures for the farm's livestock are proactively and actively implemented. The farm's engineers have proactively organized full vaccination for the pigs. Each pig has a separate record for insemination, birthing, selling, entering the barn... accurate to each day. To prevent disease, the barn is strictly managed. All employees in the farm and visitors who want to enter the pig barn must go through a disinfection system, take a shower, change clothes and wear specialized boots. In the pig barns, several times a day, workers clean and spray disinfectant on the floor. Trees are planted around the farm to create a natural, airy environment for the pigs to grow and develop best. Every day, all the manure that the pigs excrete is bagged and transferred to a gathering area far from the production area to sell to people growing vegetables and rice in the area. Placentas and dead pigs are taken to the morgue for disposal. Wastewater is treated in designated waste areas and discharged into biogas tanks.
2.1.1.4. Farm production situation
* Animal husbandry
The farm specializes in breeding pigs, providing two breeds of pigs: Yorkshire and Landrace. Piglets are sold and sent to the weaning pen 21 days after birth.
* Sanitation work at the camp
The barns are built to be cool in the summer and warm in the winter. Trees are planted around the barn to create natural ventilation. Lime is sprinkled around the barn every week and the entire barn is cleaned. The barns are regularly sprinkled with lime, the corridors are regularly whitewashed, manure and wastewater are collected daily, drains are cleared, disinfectants are sprayed, and fly sprays are applied. Workers, engineers, and visitors entering the barns must be disinfected, change clothes, and wear boots according to the barn's regulations.
* Disease prevention
Limit movement between barns, and lime must be sprinkled on the corridors outside the barns. The vaccination process is always carried out seriously, completely and technically. Each type of pig has its own vaccination process from sows, piglets, gilts, boars, and meat pigs. When pigs are healthy, well cared for and nourished, and do not have infectious diseases or chronic diseases, they create the best immune state for the herd. The safety rate after vaccination is always 100%.
* Medical treatment
The farm has a team of highly qualified engineers who love their jobs and are eager to learn. The engineers are responsible for checking and monitoring the condition of the pigs regularly. If there are signs of disease, there are specific treatment measures such as isolation and early treatment, so the treatment rate is always high. Therefore, it does not cause much damage to the herd.
2.1.1.5. General assessment
- Favorable:
+ The farm is provided with good quality breeds, food and veterinary medicine by the company.
+ The farm is located quite conveniently for transporting livestock and animal feed.
+ The camp leader is capable, dynamic, grasps the social situation and cares about the material and spiritual life of technical staff and workers at the camp.
+ The camp has a team of dynamic, creative technicians with expertise, good working experience and a high sense of responsibility in their work.
- Hard:
+ The complicated weather has not created an epidemic prevention belt.
+ Equipment and materials do not meet the needs.
2.2. Document overview
2.2.1. For sows
2.2.1.1. Characteristics of some foreign pig breeds raised at the farm
* Yorkshire pig breed
According to Tran Van Phung et al. (2004) [19], this breed of pig was formed in the Yorkshire region of England. Yorkshire pigs have golden white hair (some have black spots), a slightly small and long head and neck, straight and long, wide face, medium-sized ears that point forward, long body, slightly curved back, compact belly, long, sturdy legs, and 14 udders. Yorkshire pigs have a fast growth and development rate, with an adult weight of up to 300 kg (males), 250 kg (females). Yorkshire pigs have an average weight gain of 700 g/pig/day, an average feed consumption of about 3.0 kg/kg of weight gain, and a lean meat ratio of 56%. Pigs have high fertility, an average of 10 - 12 pigs/litter, and an average birth weight of 1.2 kg/pig.
* Landrace pig breed
According to Tran Van Phung et al. (2004) [19], this pig breed was created in Denmark in 1895. Pigs have high productivity, grow quickly, consume 3.0 kg of feed/kg of weight gain, and gain an average weight of 750 g/head/day. Lean meat ratio is 59%. The weight of mature pigs can reach 320 kg (males), 250 kg (females). Landrace pigs have a fairly high reproductive capacity and are good at raising their children. This is a lean pig breed and is used for economic crossbreeding. Nguyen Van Thang and Nguyen Thi Xuan (2016) [24] said that one of the solutions to improve sow productivity is to use many crossbred pig breeds. In particular, the crossbreeding method between two foreign pig breeds Landrace and Yorkshire and vice versa, creates hybrids with high hybrid advantages in many reproductive criteria, becoming an advance in practical production.
2.2.1.2. Physiological characteristics of sows
* Characteristics of the reproductive system of sows:
+ Ovaries: Sows have 2 bean-shaped ovaries, with an average diameter of 0.8 - 1.2 cm. The ovaries are composed of 2 regions (the inner is the medulla containing blood vessels and nerves, the outer is the cortex, which contains countless follicles developing at different stages, inside the follicles contain egg cells).
The follicles develop through each stage. When mature and ripe, the follicle ruptures, the egg falls into the trumpet, at the location of the old follicle, the yellow body (corpus luteum) will form. Each time the sow ovaries are in heat, they can shed 10 - 30 oocytes.
+ Fallopian tube: The fallopian tube is a long, winding tube, one end flares wide to form a trumpet to receive eggs from the ovary, the other end connects to the uterine horn. The fallopian tube is 15 - 30cm long.
+ Uterus: The sow's uterus consists of 1 body and 2 horns. The two horns of the uterus are V-shaped, where they contact the body of the uterus, forming a 3-way intersection. The uterine horns are where the fetus is contained (the 2 uterine horns are about 1 m long), the body of the uterus is about 5 cm long. The end of the uterus is the cervix. This is a waist, usually closed. The end of the female reproductive system is the vulva. In the vulva, there is an opening to the outside of the urinary tract called the urethra and a mucus-secreting gland.
* Maturity in character:
Maturity of livestock is characterized by internal and external changes in the body, especially internal changes in the genitals. Depending on the different livestock species, the time of sexual maturity is different. According to Tran Tien Dung et al. (2002) [10], in pigs, the age of sexual maturity is from 6 to 8 months.
+ Season and lighting period are factors that clearly affect the age of estrus. In summer, pigs mature later than in autumn and winter. This may be due to the influence of temperature in the barn associated with low weight gain in hot months. Pigs that are allowed to graze freely appear to mature earlier than those kept in barns by 14 days (spring) and 17 days (autumn). In winter, the lighting time is lower than in other seasons of the year, darkness also delays the age of sexual maturity compared to fluctuations in natural light or artificial light.
+ Stocking density: High stocking density per unit area during the development period will slow down the age of estrus. But pigs should be avoided.
gilts are separated from the herd during the growing period. The research results of Paul Hughes and James Tilton (1996) [27] show that keeping gilts individually will delay their maturation compared to pigs kept in groups. Besides the above factors, the breeding boar is also one of the factors affecting the age of estrus of gilts. If gilts are regularly exposed to breeding boars, they will enter estrus faster than gilts that are not exposed to breeding boars.
+ Breed: Different breeds have different ages of sexual maturity. According to Pham Huu Doanh and Luu Ky (2003) [6], the age of sexual maturity in purebred domestic sows (I, Mong Cai) is usually in the 4th or 5th month (120 - 150 days old), Landrace and Yorkshire pigs have the age of sexual maturity from 6 - 7 months.
+ Sexual cycle: From the time of sexual maturity, the sexual manifestations of pigs occur continuously and cyclically. Because ovulation is cyclical, estrus is also cyclical (Khuat Van Dung, 2005) [8].
* Estrous cycle:
According to Hoang Toan Thang and Cao Van (2006) [23], the estrus cycle of livestock is divided into the following 4 stages:
- Pre-estrus stage:
This is the first stage of the reproductive cycle when the ovaries are larger than normal. The cells of the fallopian tube wall grow more, the number of villi increases. The genital tract is congested, uterine horn peristalsis increases, and vaginal mucus increases. At this stage, excitement is not yet
High.
When the oocyte is mature, the egg cell is separated, the uterine horn contracts strongly, the cervix is completely open. The genital mucus flows out a lot at this time the animal begins to appear sexually.
- Estrus phase:
According to Pham Khanh Tu et al. (2014) [26], the duration of this stage is calculated from when the egg cell separates from the ovum and changes in the reproductive organs occur.