- Message: information is interpreted in understandable and receptive language.
- Communication channel: the way and means of expressing the message so that the recipient can perceive it through the senses (seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching).
- Recipient: is an individual or an organization, community receiving the message.
The purpose of communication is for the receiver to receive information and understand it, and then take appropriate actions. The communication process must be a two-way process. Both the initiator and the receiver of information participate in the communication process. The receiver of information also responds to the information received.
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According to Harold Lasswell the communication model [8, p.29] is expressed as follows:
Source
release
Information
message
Channel
Reception
Harold Lasswell's communication model laid the foundation for communication studies in later stages. Following that, through the research of many scientists, including Claude Shannon, the communication process also has the elements of "feedback" and "noise". In which, feedback is the impact back to the source from the receiver of information. Feedback can be considered an important factor that makes the communication process continuous, proving the two-way nature of communication, communication is not imposed. The element of "noise" is proven to always exist in the communication process. These are the phenomena of communication.
Information becomes poor quality or distorted due to the influence of natural conditions, society or technical means, people. Some studies suggest that if the "noise" factor is taken advantage of, it can also create effects for the communication process.
Claude Shannon's communication model [8,p.30] is shown as
after:
N
S
M
C
R
E
F
In which, the elements shown include:
-S (Source, Sender): source, communication subject
-M (Message): message, communication content
-C (Channel): communication channel
-R (Receiver): message receiver (object)
-E (Effect): communication effectiveness
-N (Noise): noise, a factor that causes errors that hinder the message
-F (Feedback): feedback
1.1.2. Mass media:
Based on different criteria, there will be different classifications for forms or types of communication. There are intrapersonal communication, interpersonal communication, group communication, mass communication.
The subject of research in the thesis is “mass media”. According to Associate Professor, Dr. Duong Xuan Son: “Mass media is a form of communication - communication with a wide social public, carried out through technical means and communication technology, with a wide range of influence on the public - large social groups. Some typical types of mass media are: books, newspapers, printed publications, cinema, radio, television, advertising, video clips, internet…” [33, p.22].
Regarding the purpose of communication, according to Associate Professor, Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, "from the channel or communication perspective, mass media can be understood as a system of media that impacts the general public (people from regions, the whole country, the region or the international community) to inform, share, attract and gather, educate, persuade and organize the general public to participate in solving economic - cultural - social issues that have been and are being raised" [7, p.19].
In mass media, types of journalism such as print newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and online newspapers are considered to have a central position, a fundamental role, and influence the strength, nature, and movement trends of mass media.
1.1.3. Newspapers and electronic newspapers:
“Press” is one of the mass media. According to Article 3 of the Press Law amended and supplemented in 2016, press is an information product about events and issues in life and society, expressed in writing, images, and sounds, created, published periodically, distributed, and transmitted to the public through various forms of print, audio, visual, and electronic newspapers [20].
However, in a broad sense, from a systemic perspective, "the nature of journalism and communication is information and social communication activities on a large scale."
the most extensive, the most effective tool and method of social connection, the most effective tool and method of social intervention in the relationship with the public and public opinion, with the people and with interest groups, with countries in the region and internationally..." [7, p.87].
Analyzing the nature of journalism and media from a systemic perspective shows that “journalism is a social phenomenon that always exists and develops in specific socio-economic conditions under the direct influence and control of political institutions and political power; with maximum support from technical and technological means...”. [7, p.87]. Therefore, to analyze the nature of journalism and media, it is necessary to look at it from a systemic perspective to make a general assessment. According to a systemic perspective, journalism is placed in relationships with many other elements such as: political institutions, political power, state power of a country, governing bodies, journalists - direct subjects of journalism activities, journalism products, transmission channels, social public, political - social organizations and social life practices.
“Electronic newspaper” is a concept commonly used in the country. Article 3 of the 2016 amended and supplemented Press Law states that electronic newspapers are a type of journalism that uses text, images, and sounds, transmitted over the network environment, including electronic newspapers and electronic magazines [20]. According to Associate Professor, Dr. Nguyen Thi Truong Giang (Academy of Journalism and Communication), the concept of “electronic newspaper” has a very general meaning, which does not help to clearly understand the characteristics of the type of journalism published online. Thus, because there is no official concept of “electronic newspaper”, the thesis uses the concept of “electronic online newspaper” to analyze the characteristics of this type. Thus, “electronic online newspaper is a type of journalism built in the form of a website, published on the internet, with the advantage of conveying information quickly, instantly, multimedia and highly interactively” [14, p.67].
- Advantages and disadvantages of electronic newspapers:
According to Directive No. 52-CT/TW dated July 22, 2005 of the Central Party Secretariat on the development and management of electronic newspapers in our country today, electronic newspapers are more effective and convenient than traditional types of newspapers due to their large information capacity, fast information interaction, and publication without obstacles in space, time, or national borders. Since its inception, our country's electronic newspapers have made an important contribution to the dissemination and propaganda of the Party's guidelines and policies, the State's policies and laws; effectively expanding foreign information; improving people's knowledge and satisfying people's needs for information and cultural enjoyment.
The advantages of electronic newspapers are pointed out as: having the advantage of transmission capacity, not limited in format, number of pages, so it has the ability to transmit unlimited information, can provide detailed information. Information is strung together according to related topics, with common keywords, making it easy for readers to access; stored by date, long-term. Electronic newspapers do not depend on geographical distance, information is transmitted globally in a vivid way. Electronic newspapers create a turning point in the information production process, taking place quickly, information reaches the public faster, information is updated continuously as well as can be shared widely, globally. With technology and multimedia, electronic newspapers have both writing, images, sound, absorbing the strengths and characteristics of other types of journalism such as print, television, radio. This creates a great advantage for electronic newspapers.
Electronic newspapers also have limitations such as: the accuracy of information needs to be considered because there is a lot of information on electronic newspapers, so it can cause interference; the security of information (due to complete dependence on technology and machinery, there is a risk of losing information and data when equipment is damaged or there is a problem with the network).
technology, content can be damaged, distorted, lost, difficult to restore); the problem of information management on electronic newspapers currently has some shortcomings.
Regarding multimedia in online newspapers, it is the combination of many types of media (written and non-written language) to create and implement a press product. A press product is considered a multimedia product when it integrates many of the following means of information transmission: text, still images, animations, graphics, audio, video and interactive programs [14, p.122].
The emergence of electronic newspapers following the development of information technology has been changing the way modern public access information. The characteristic of electronic newspapers is high interaction with the public. The communication process on electronic newspapers is almost complete and clearly shows the elements of the communication process.
1.1.4. Promotional media
According to the Vietnamese dictionary, “promotion” means to disseminate widely through the media. Promotion is an activity aimed at creating or promoting benefits and profits for an individual, a product, or an organization.
In English, promotion is “promote”. Oxford Learner's Pocket Dictionary explains, “promote” is “help something to happen or develop, advertise a product or service, move somebody to a higher rank or move senior job” [28, pg.352]. Promote is different from “advertisement” - product advertising is “make something, esp something for sale, known to people by notices in newspapers, etc” [28, pg.7].
"Promotion" is also understood as the widespread dissemination of a certain object by means of information transmission, in order to attract attention, thereby creating consumer demand [22, p.17]. Promotion is a way for a business to
a business, a locality, a region, an economic sector, a country to create and maintain a product image before the public, beneficial for business in the market. In the field of tourism, promotion aims to enhance the image of a country, a region, an area, playing an important role in attracting tourists.
Tourism promotion is different from tourism advertising. If the main purpose of advertising is to sell products, the purpose of promotion is to provide information, raise public awareness and change behavior. On that basis, it can be understood that promotional communication is a communication process to introduce and widely disseminate information to create or promote development.
Tourism promotion communication is a communication activity aimed at introducing tourism elements (destinations to visit, experiencing new things, using services, cuisine, shopping, entertainment, etc.) to help the tourism of a locality become more widely known to the public, achieve development goals, and then attract the public to travel to the locality. At the same time, tourism promotion communication of a locality is also communication about the tourism development policies of that locality to the local community, agencies, units, and businesses doing tourism right in that locality to raise awareness and change the community's mindset to do better tourism.
Talking about the role of communication and promotion in tourism development, the products that the tourism industry trades are different from general goods. Tangible goods in general can be displayed through exhibitions of artifacts, samples for buyers to see, touch, see with their own eyes, choose for themselves, pay directly, and decide whether to buy or not, while tourism products can only be displayed through propaganda or photos in front of buyers.
conducting model exhibitions but only partially. Therefore, it can be said that, "tourism promotion becomes the only way connecting the seller with the buyer, the special nature of tourism goods has determined that tourism promotion is a particularly important step in the consumption business of the tourism market" [25, p. 385].
1.2. Tourism promotion communication in the press
As a communication channel, the press conveys tourism information to the public, introducing them to: tourist destinations, scenic spots, places to eat, play, rest, and shop in a locality. The press also reflects the reality of issues surrounding tourism such as: service quality, local cultural characteristics. Thereby, the press helps the public understand more about a destination, so that they are curious, want to explore, experience, visit, have fun, or more clearly, make the public want to travel, improve the level of education.
In addition, the press also conveys tourism content such as: tourism development policies and strategies, tourism laws and regulations; analyzes issues occurring in life, detects and reflects negative aspects, wrongdoings, or issues arising during operations so that the government and relevant agencies can adjust regulations or inspect, urge, and rectify. The press reflects public opinion on social issues.
The press plays a role in guiding public opinion. According to the “Two-step Flow” communication theory, the press is both a communication channel and an “opinion leader”, guiding public opinion about tourism.
“With the development of the press, public opinion has become a social force capable of orienting and changing a certain concept, thereby influencing