Author Nguyen Khac Binh believes that: Public policy is an activity that the government chooses to implement or not to implement to regulate conflicts in society in order to promote social development in a certain direction [2; p.13].
In the book "Public Policy Textbook", author Le Chi Mai also presents the content of public policy including 3 contents: 1, The State is the subject that issues public policy. 2, Public policy is the decision to act, expressing the intention of the policy maker on a certain issue and the actions to implement those intentions. 3, The purpose of public policy is to solve a problem arising in economic and social life according to defined goals [5; pp. 21-22].
In the article " On current public policy in our country ", author Do Phu Hai stated: "Public policy is a set of cohesive political decisions of the State to select goals and solutions to solve social problems according to the overall determined goals" [4; pp.67-70].
Thus, it can be seen that although there are many different concepts of public policy, they all reflect the following basic characteristics:
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First, public policy is issued by the state and the ruling political party.
Second, public policy focuses on solving problems arising in economic and social life, aiming to maintain social stability and development.
Third, public policy consists of many interrelated decisions. Fourth, there are policy subjects, objects, tools and goals.
Through the study and analysis of public policy concepts of domestic and foreign scientists, within the scope of this study, the concept of
Public policy is understood as: relevant decisions of the government to choose goals and solutions, policy tools to solve problems arising in social life, to maintain stability and development of society.
1.1.2. The role of public policy
In the development process of societies, especially modern societies, the development of each area of social life depends largely on the State's policy system, in addition to the resources and geopolitical position that each country has. The policy system is the path, the mobilization of collective intelligence of each society, the potential or available resources of each society, from here the societies can develop.
Modern theories emphasize three pillars of development: Market economy, state and civil society. While the market economy has the function of regulating economic activities, creating material wealth for society, making development processes more efficient based on the calculation of costs and prices, and civil society solves micro-problems of social groups, the state plays the role of a macro-regulator of social relations, building development institutions, organizing macro-economic activities, national security and defense, and natural disaster prevention, and international relations at the state level. In this division of labor, policies demonstrate the role of the state in orienting development, building models, and concentrating resources of all social forces to develop a certain area of society.
Major social changes originate from policy changes, paving the way for new institutions to come into existence. The renovation process since 1986 is a testament to the pioneering policy in socio-economic development in Vietnam, overcoming the economic crisis.
social economy, mobilizing productive forces, thereby improving living standards and solving social security issues. The role of public policy is demonstrated in the following aspects:
- Orientation for subjects participating in socio-economic activities: Policies clearly show the trends of the state's impact on subjects in society, helping them to achieve the future values that the state desires. That value is the development goal that is consistent with the basic needs of social life. If economic and social subjects operate according to the impact orientation of the policy, they will not only easily achieve the development goal but also receive incentives from the state or society. That means, along with the orientation goal, the impact method of public policy also plays a role in guiding the subjects to act.
- Encourage and support socio-economic activities according to orientation;
- Promoting the positive aspects, overcoming the limitations of the market economy: In the market economy, the law of competition and other market laws have encouraged each subject in society to invest in production and business, constantly innovate technology to improve labor productivity, product quality, reduce the cost of goods and services provided to society. Thanks to that, both society and each individual and organization benefit such as: goods and services increase in quantity, diversity, richness in types, brands, designs, quality is increasingly improved with increasingly cheap consumer prices. However, the operation of the market also causes negative impacts that economists call the unsuccessful side or the downside of the market such as: monopoly in production, inadequate supply of public goods, inequality, increasing gap between rich and poor and unemployment, macroeconomic instability, big fish eating small fish... causing negative impacts.
negative impacts on the whole society and each citizen. In that situation, the state must use the public policy system to solve economic problems, overcome market failures through subsidies, and provide public services to people by state-owned enterprises, public service units, or associations and non-governmental organizations. [7; T7, 2017].
- Creating balance in development: This is reflected in the fact that policies developed by the State have a regulatory role, ensuring balanced and sustainable development among regions in a country.
- Control and allocation of resources in society: The State is always interested in managing, exploiting and using resources to serve development goals.
- Creating a suitable environment for socio-economic activities: Through policies, the state creates necessary conditions to form a favorable environment for social entities to operate such as: policies to develop the labor market, capital market, science and technology market, real estate market, infrastructure development...
- Promote coordination of activities between levels and sectors: The process of policy implementation requires the participation of many agencies at different levels and sectors or of many organizations and individuals. Therefore, through the policy process, it will promote coordination of activities between state agencies, socio-political organizations, and people of all walks of life, contributing to creating harmony and synchronization in the implementation of public policies.
Thus, to manage society, the State has used policy as the main tool to solve common problems of the community, aiming to promote socio-economic development in the right direction.
1.1.3. Stages in the public policy process
The public policy cycle or policy process or policy making process are different names to describe the way and stages in which public policy is made until it is completed. Until now, there has not been a unified, standard policy process. The reason comes from the difference in political institutions and the way of organizing state power between countries, leading to differences in the policy process. Many authors propose the stages in the public policy process include:
- Problem identification/Policy issue definition;
- To put on the agenda, or to set an agenda;
- Search and propose solutions - policy options;
- Policy accepted through – Policy adopted;
- Policy implementation;
- Evaluate and (possibly) terminate the policy.
More generally, public policy consists of three basic stages as follows:
One is policy making.
In this stage, policies are researched and proposed for the State to approve and publicly promulgate. The policy proposal process includes identifying the problem requiring policy, identifying the goals that the policy needs to achieve and identifying the necessary solutions to achieve those goals. To identify policy problems, it is necessary to regularly observe and analyze the actual situation to forecast the basic contradictions that need to be resolved in order to maintain the existence and development of society.
Second, policy implementation organization
This is the stage of implementing public policy objectives in practice. In other words, this is the stage of applying predetermined solutions to achieve policy objectives. It is in this stage that policies are transformed into practical results. This stage includes activities of implementation, coordination of implementation, monitoring and supervision of policy effectiveness, and measures to organize implementation so that policies can be effective in life.
Third, policy evaluation :
This is an important stage in the policy process. In this stage, people compare the results of public policies with the set goals, analyze the socio-economic efficiency achieved through the actual implementation of policies.
1.1.4. Concept of public policy implementation
Policies are formulated based on objective requirements of reality, from the needs of society. Over many periods, from 1930 to 1960, policy process researchers focused almost exclusively on public policy formulation. However, to this day, it is still difficult to confirm whether a proposed policy is good or bad, which can only be assessed by the fact that the policy is accepted by society or not. Only practice can most accurately judge which policies are positive and which policies are negative. In the 1970s, researchers shifted their focus to the policy implementation phase.
According to philosophical principles, policy is a special form of material so it also needs to perform functions to exist. However, to perform its function, policy must participate in the movement process like other materials. That is, after promulgation, policy must be implemented in social life. Therefore, organizing policy implementation is inevitable.
objectively to maintain the existence of policy tools according to the requirements of State management and also to achieve the set goals of the policy. With this way of thinking, we can come to the concept of policy implementation organization as follows:
“Policy implementation is the entire process of transforming the will of the policy subject into reality with the management objects to achieve the State's oriented goals”.
In the process of policy implementation, material, financial, scientific and technological resources and human resources are put into oriented activities to achieve the set goals. In other words, this is the process of combining people with material, financial, scientific and technological resources to use these resources effectively according to the set goals.
The first and most important policy implementers are the state administrative agencies, because these are the agencies responsible for managing and organizing the daily work of the State. However, legislative and judicial agencies as well as Party and mass organizations also play an important role in mobilizing and organizing forces to participate in policy implementation.
1.2. Theory on implementing support policies for high school students in particularly disadvantaged communes
1.2.1. Concept and criteria for determining particularly disadvantaged communes
Pursuant to Decision No. 50/2016/QD-TTg dated November 3, 2016 of the Prime Minister on criteria for determining extremely disadvantaged villages and communes in ethnic minority and mountainous areas in the period of 2016 - 2020, communes in ethnic minority and mountainous areas are determined according to three regions: Communes in region III are communes with extremely difficult socio-economic conditions; communes in region II are communes with difficult socio-economic conditions but have temporarily stabilized.
determined; communes in region I are the remaining communes. Within the scope of the thesis, we determine that the communes with special difficulties belong to the group of communes in region III.
A commune in region III is a commune that has at least 2 of the following 3 criteria:
1) The number of extremely disadvantaged villages is 35% or more (mandatory criteria);
2) The total rate of poor and near-poor households is 65% or more (of which the rate of poor households is 35% or more) according to the multidimensional poverty standard for the period 2016 - 2020;
3) The total rate of poor and near-poor households is 55% or more (provinces in the Southeast region and the Mekong Delta region are 30% or more) according to the multidimensional poverty standards for the period 2016 - 2020 and has at least 3 of the following 6 conditions (for communes with ethnic minority households of 60% or more, at least 2 of the following 6 conditions are required):
- The main traffic axis to the People's Committee of the commune or the inter-commune road has not been asphalted or concreted according to new rural criteria;
- Kindergartens, primary schools or secondary schools that have not met national standards as prescribed by the Ministry of Education and Training;
- Not meeting the National Criteria on commune health as prescribed by the Ministry of Health;
- There is no Cultural and Sports Center in the commune according to the regulations of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism;
- 20% or more of households do not have clean water for daily use;
- 40% or more of households do not have hygienic toilets according to regulations of the Ministry of Health.
1.2.2. Concept of high school students in especially disadvantaged communes
High school, also known as high school, is a type of formal education in Vietnam, for ages 15 to 18, excluding some special cases. This level of education includes 3 blocks: grade 10, grade 11, grade 12. Thus, it can be understood that high school students