Based on the analysis of the category of moral obligation, author Vu Trong Dung in "Textbook of Marxist-Leninist Ethics" [43] initially mentioned the category of responsibility. Based on the concept of Marxist-Leninist ethics, the author believes that moral obligation is "a person's sense of responsibility, the sense of needing to do and the desire to do, acting voluntarily for the benefit of others and for the benefit of society" [43, p.197]. In terms of ethics, this is also considered one of the concepts close to the concept of responsibility that the thesis is interested in studying.
Nguyen Tran Bat, through the book "The Source of Inspiration" [19], has given us a rather new, modern and profound view of the concept of freedom and its role in the development of society. The author believes that it is necessary to define freedom more closely. Because if freedom is defined in relation to necessity, "many times people do not realize the necessity to act, therefore, most people still do not understand freedom and the noble value of freedom" [19, p.13]. In conclusion, the author defines freedom as follows: "Freedom is the process of parallel movement of thoughts and actions" [19, p.15]. Only with that parallel movement can people be proactive in their actions. The author of the book has an idea close to that of John Stuart Mill in his work "On Liberty" when he believes that freedom is the first condition, the premise for development. The author also presented his own concept of freedom after studying the concepts of freedom in history. This is an important work, the thesis can refer to when studying the history of the concept of freedom.
From the study of the concepts of freedom in the history of Western philosophy (from ancient philosophy to Marxist-Leninist philosophy) through a number of typical authors, author Vuong Thi Bich Thuy in the work "Necessity and freedom - Some theoretical and practical issues" [143] presented her understanding of the category of freedom in relation to necessity. The author examined the concept of freedom from two aspects, first as a philosophical category
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academic and secondly as a socio-political category. Through that, the author affirms that freedom comes from necessity, arising under the provisions of necessity. Although the book does not discuss the relationship between freedom and responsibility, through the author's research on the relationship between freedom and necessity, it will be a valuable reference for the author of the thesis to develop research on the relationship between freedom and responsibility (especially freedom in relation to moral responsibility). The concept of freedom is also researched by author Vuong Bich Thuy in a quite comprehensive historical philosophical line. That is the theoretical basis that helps the author of the thesis more easily approach and present his views on freedom.
Author Dinh Ngoc Thach in the article "On "freedom" as a social philosophical category" [131], also pointed out that "freedom is a sacred value and an essential characteristic of human nature, the ontological basis of life. The category "Freedom" is used to refer to the needs and abilities of humans in activities that are consistent with their interests and goals, without the need for intervention or obstruction from the outside" [131]. Moreover, freedom is also "a social category , freedom is only discussed in society, in the system of relationships between people". Therefore, the author recognized "freedom" as a historical category and it is a product of perception and interpretation according to the development process of human history. The author researched the concepts of philosophers from ancient to modern times and partly explained it based on the characteristics of the era when that concept was born. The author relies on the Marxist-Leninist philosophy of freedom and affirms that true human freedom is governed by both rights and obligations. Accordingly, there is no absolute freedom, but human freedom is always limited by factors of social life. It can be affirmed that the article is a valuable document that helps the author of the thesis have an overview of the concept of freedom in the history of philosophy. In particular, it is necessary to pay attention to the viewpoint that affirms that human freedom is not absolute, which the article has researched and emphasized.
Author Vu Thi Thu Lan in the magazine article “The problem of moral values in Kantian ethics” [97], argues that, if Kantian theoretical philosophy aims to determine human cognitive capacity and answer the question: “What can I know”, then his practical philosophy studies the principles of human practical activities in society and continues to answer the questions: “What should I do”, “What can I hope for”. With that approach, Kant devoted much effort to building a doctrine that focuses on arguing for the legitimacy and values of morality.
Aiming to solve problems arising in human life and practical activities, when building his ethics, Kant put forward a unique concept of moral values to evaluate human behavior. Unlike philosophers before and during his time, Kant did not associate moral values with happiness, that is, with the satisfaction of personal enjoyment needs. For him, moral behavior is the act of performing "duty for duty's sake". Considering the performance of moral duties as the compliance with "absolute orders". When analyzing moral values according to Kant's concept, the author pointed out that solving problems arising in human life and practice, that is what leads to moral values, and must be based on that to evaluate human behavior and conduct. The question "What do I need to do for my behavior to be evaluated as moral behavior?" mentioned the aspect of human responsibility towards the life around them and towards society.
In the article “ Freedom and responsibility in existential ethics” by Do Minh Hop [72], it is argued that ethics “becomes especially urgent in the current context, when humanity is facing countless dangers that threaten their very existence, when people of conscience are together searching for a truly humane ethics, capable of ensuring the truly human development of each person and of the entire human community” [72]. Because
Thus, on the basis of clarifying freedom and responsibility as basic ethical categories in existential philosophy through clarifying the views of typical representatives such as E. Husserl, M. Heidegger, K. Jaspers, JP Sartre and A. Camus, the author of the article has given accurate assessments of the contributions of existential philosophers in the field of ethics.
One of the author's important observations is that: "free humanity is facing responsibility for its future, that is, for future generations" [72] and "freedom and responsibility (for freedom) are the two most important existential entities. Responsibility is not a replication of freedom, but is the second fundamental thesis of existential philosophy" [72]. Philosophically, the author believes that responsibility for freedom is what determines responsibility for both the past, present and future.
The above article by author Do Minh Hop is one of the few studies on the relationship between freedom and responsibility in the history of philosophy - ethics, helping the author of the thesis have a deeper insight into this issue. However, as the title of the article states, the author has only studied "freedom and responsibility in existential ethics", the relationship between freedom and responsibility in other stages of the history of ethics needs to be further studied. This is the issue that the thesis will continue to clarify.
Author Nguyen Van Thuc, in the magazine article “The role of the state and the issue of social responsibility” [141], analyzed the basic contents of the concept of social responsibility as well as the role of the state in organizing and implementing social responsibility. The author believes that:
Responsibility is understood as something that must be done, shouldered, or taken upon oneself . Responsibility belongs to the category of ethics and law, reflecting the special social attitude and ethical - legal attitude of an individual towards society (towards humanity in general); this attitude represents the fulfillment of one's moral obligations and legal standards [141].
The author of the article asserts: In the doctrines of ethics and law, responsibility is often considered in connection with freedom. But, outside Marxism, this problem is often solved abstractly and depends on answering the question: in general, can a person be considered free in his actions? In Marxism, the problem of responsibility is historical-specific and is solved on the basis of analyzing the actual level of human freedom in certain historical conditions.
The article also partly proposes solutions for people in society to have freedom: building a society without exploitation, without hostile classes, applying the principle of self-awareness in a planned manner to social life, making the masses familiar with self-management of society and historical creation will greatly enhance the level of individual freedom and at the same time, enhance the social and moral responsibility of each person. The author of the article believes that: individual responsibility includes not only the actions that have been done, but also the individual's awareness of the interests of society in general, that is, ultimately, awareness of the laws of historical development.
Although not an article on the issue of freedom and responsibility from a philosophical or ethical perspective, through the study of the concept of social responsibility, the content of the above article is partly the theoretical basis for the thesis to affirm the inseparable relationship between freedom and responsibility of people in society. The article also partly suggests solutions to develop harmony between freedom and responsibility, especially the moral responsibility of individuals in scientific and technological activities - the issue that the thesis is interested in.
Author Nguyen Van Phuc in the article "Freedom and responsibility in human activities" [114] initially affirmed the relationship between freedom and responsibility as two aspects of one problem: freedom is the act of voluntarily and consciously carrying out responsibility; responsibility is the act of
respond to and ensure human freedom. Accordingly, only when there is freedom can people truly be responsible, because people are responsible for themselves, for actions that are freely chosen. On the contrary, because human actions are determined by circumstances, by external factors, human freedom is also limited; at the same time, people are also less responsible , because people are not responsible for actions that they do not freely choose.
Examining the views on freedom and responsibility in the history of philosophy, the author of the article reviewed the basic views of philosophers on this issue. The article opens up a problem: in the context of current globalization, human freedom and responsibility are increasingly expanded and enhanced, and it is also facing serious challenges from this process. Therefore, human responsibility towards humanity and society in solving global problems is the inevitable path to develop human freedom.
Although the above article by author Nguyen Van Phuc does not deeply research the views on freedom, responsibility, or the relationship between freedom and responsibility, it is still a valuable document with an approach to this issue using the historical-logical method when studying the concepts of freedom in the history of philosophy - a fairly new approach in researching this issue. The relationship between freedom and responsibility has not been discussed deeply enough, but it is a suggestion to help the thesis continue to research this issue. The conclusion of the above article has urged the author of the thesis to delve deeper into the relationship between freedom and responsibility in a field of human activity, which is science and technology.
Author Tran Duc Cuong in the article "Social justice, social responsibility and social solidarity in the cause of innovation in Vietnam" [39] stated:
Responsibility is the ability of a person to be aware of the consequences of his or her actions. More specifically, it is the ability to determine the benefits
the benefit or harm to others, to society of the action. In such a case, the subject of the action is responsible for making his action or activity beneficial to society. Responsibility is also manifested in the case of activities that are not in line with social interests, for example, with social order, with the law or social morality. In this case, the subject must be responsible for the damage to social interests caused by his activity. Thus, responsibility includes the right of society to demand or punish its members according to their behavior. Responsibility includes not only the demand of society towards the individual, but also the demand of the individual, that is, the right of the individual, towards society. More specifically, if the individual has obligations and responsibilities towards society, then society also has obligations and responsibilities towards the individual [39].
Therefore, in formulating socio-economic development policies, every country, in one way or another, must consider and take into account issues of social justice, social responsibility and social solidarity.
According to Nguyen Thi Lan Huong in the magazine article “Environmental responsibility - An aspect of social responsibility” [77], human environmental responsibility is increasingly important, no less than human responsibility to other people. People must act wisely so as not to harm the environment for the benefit of themselves and other living beings. In this article, the author presents the most basic understanding of the term “responsibility” in general and distinguishes it from the term “social responsibility”.
The article has partly mentioned the concept of responsibility before analyzing environmental responsibility. The author believes that, normally, talking about responsibility means talking about the relationship between individuals and the community. Implementing responsibility is a way for people to adjust their behavior so that personal interests are consistent with the interests of the community, or at least do not harm the interests of other individuals or the whole community. Besides, talking about
Responsibility refers to a specific, defined relationship. It answers the question: who is the responsible subject and who and what is it responsible to (the object it affects)?
Another work that can be mentioned that studies freedom is the essay collection "Thoughts" by Nguyen Tran Bat [18], in which the author mentions and discusses freedom, however, the author mainly focuses on analyzing the role of freedom for people, society, freedom gives birth to people, and brings awakening to nations. In addition, Thoughts also mentions freedom as a human right but does not analyze it in depth, but mainly discusses the issue of protecting human rights in Vietnam through dialectical reasoning.
The doctoral thesis in philosophy by author Nguyen Cong Chien titled "The dialectical relationship between necessity and freedom in cognitive and practical activities" [31] has delved into the dialectical relationship between freedom and necessity in the field of cognition and practical activities, but has not yet analyzed and clarified the category of freedom as a civil right of human beings.
1.1.2. Theoretical studies on scientific and technological activities
Author Phan Xuan Dung in the article "Promoting science and technology activities to serve the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country"
[44] argues that science and technology play a very important role in socio-economic development, ensuring national defense and security, creating many high-quality products, contributing to improving the quality of people's lives. However, according to the author, the concept and content of science and technology are not fully understood, so there are many approved science and technology tasks that are not scientific and technological activities; there is also confusion between the concepts of industry and technology, so the state budget for science and technology has been used for industrial development; the content of regular tasks and solution tasks is also included in the content.