The State Inspects and Supervises the Implementation of Social Security Policies for Farmers

The State is important but only in creating an environment and supporting, the self-improvement of the poor is decisive. Poverty reduction is one of the important parts of the social security policy of each country. Together with social insurance, social work, and social assistance, poverty reduction programs create a comprehensive protection net for members of society. If the subjects of social insurance are workers, social work are those who are disadvantaged and vulnerable in life, social assistance is aimed at those who have contributed to the country, then poverty reduction aims at an important vulnerable protection area in life, which is the poor. Poverty reduction contributes to ensuring long-term and sustainable social security, helping the poor escape poverty and rise up to ensure their own lives, contributing to creating a comprehensive social security network for each country. In the long term, poverty reduction contributes to reducing the burden on the social security system by narrowing the subjects needing social security subsidies. The role of the social security policy can be considered as a bridge to increase the effectiveness of other policies. The specific nature of the social security policy and social security is that the socio-economic efficiency is not clear, the investment profit is considered to be non-existent, so it is very difficult to attract other subjects to participate in investment, the role of the State is especially important.

The scope of social security protection is broad, including many components with the aim of ensuring social justice and especially social security policies are often interwoven and integrated to effectively promote resources and successful poverty reduction policies contribute to bridging the gap for subjects to access other social security policies.

Along with the poverty reduction system, the development of other support systems such as assistance for farmers to participate in the labor market, providing other basic social services such as education services, health services, clean water supply and environmental sanitation for farmers will contribute to ensuring social security for farmers.

In short, along with social security policy institutions, the State has a role in developing other socio-economic policies to create conditions for farmers to have income to participate in social security.

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2.2.2.3. The State inspects and supervises the implementation of social security policies for farmers.

Inspection and supervision are important contents of the state's role in general, and the state's role in social security for farmers in particular. This is one of the decisive factors in the successful implementation of social security programs. No matter how good a policy is, if it is not inspected and supervised, it will not be put into practice, and people will not have the opportunity to participate in insurance and assistance programs. Therefore, in the implementation process, it is important for the state to strengthen inspection and supervision to ensure the effectiveness and strictness in implementing social security goals for farmers.

Ensuring transparency and control of society, community, State and farmers in the management of social security funds is extremely important. It is necessary to maximize the role of independent auditing in helping the State, community and farmers monitor the implementation of agencies and managers of social security funds. More than anywhere else, it is necessary to thoroughly fight corruption and ensure transparency in the management of social security funds in order to mobilize all potentials of society and farmers in the formation and development of social security funds. On the other hand, in the initial stage, the role of the State is of primary importance in the formation and management of social security funds for farmers.

In the development process, the role of the community and farmers will gradually increase in the formation, development and management of the activities of social security funds. However, in every stage of development, the management institution of social security funds for farmers must clearly, transparently and specifically stipulate the contribution and participation of each subject (the State, enterprises, other organizations and farmers, etc.) and the benefits (circumstances, standards, levels of benefits, disbursement procedures, etc.) of each type of farmer. If this is not done, farmers and the community, philanthropists, enterprises, civil society organizations, etc. will not have the confidence to participate in contributing and benefiting from social security funds. This will greatly affect the financial issue of implementing social security contributions of farmers.

2.2.3. Factors affecting the role of the State in social security for farmers

2.2.3.1. State's viewpoint on social security for farmers

The role of the State in social security for farmers depends on the type of social security organization, which in turn depends on the viewpoint and will of the State. Currently, there are many different social security models in the world. However, in terms of organizational principles, there are two basic models: state social security and market-oriented social security. The representative model for state social security is the social security model in the United States, the typical market-oriented social security model is that of the Federal Republic of Germany. In addition, some developed and developing countries such as the UK and Brazil are in the process of transitioning from state social security to market-oriented social security. In these models, the role of the State in social security is different [39].

According to the US model, long-term social security programs including old-age insurance, survivor insurance, disability insurance and health insurance (called social security or OASDI) and medical benefits for the elderly (medical care) are guaranteed from contributions of working workers and funding from the state budget ( Max J. Skidmore, 2001) [112].

In essence, US Social Security is a type of state social security. The social security program is mandatory for all workers to have insurance and is funded by an income tax with employer contributions. Workers and employers pay payroll taxes to the state, and self-employed people pay taxes equivalent to the total taxes paid by workers and employers. The state uses those taxes to pay social security to workers under the program.

In addition to types of insurance such as old-age insurance, survivor insurance, disability insurance, health insurance, the social security system also includes subsidies such as subsidies for spouses of retirees, subsidies for children of retirees until they turn 18; family allowances, unemployment allowances, etc. All money spent on social security, including forms of insurance and subsidies, comes from the state budget. Thus, the role of the State in this type of social security is very broad. The State not only builds laws, mechanisms, policies, organizes inspections, and supervises the implementation of social security policies, but also directly organizes revenue and expenditure to ensure social security for workers.

Compared to the United States, the role of the State in social security in Germany is different.

After nearly 150 years of development, the social security system in Germany is now built with three parts:

- Social insurance includes statutory pension insurance, statutory health insurance, statutory unemployment insurance, statutory accident insurance and statutory care insurance;

- Compensation systems such as care for victims of war or military service, care for victims of acts of violence, care for political prisoners during the German Democratic Republic;

- The social protection and social incentive system aims to provide basic security for job seekers and pay social protection and housing allowances [52].

Regarding the social insurance system, insurance organizations in the social insurance system are identified as self-governing organizations. These organizations organize their own apparatus to carry out the goals and tasks assigned by the State. The highest organization of each social insurance organization is the board of members, completely chosen by the insured and the employer for a term of 6 years by secret ballot. The State only sets the insurance tasks and inspects the implementation of the insurance tasks of these organizations through specialized federal ministries, but does not interfere with the organization and apparatus of these organizations.

German social insurance operates on the principle of financial autonomy. The costs for the implementation of services and the organization of social insurance management do not come from the state budget (from taxes) but are made from the source of insurance obligations or social obligations of insurance participants. In other words, the insurance organizations of the social insurance system must balance their revenues and expenditures, the State does not replace or subsidize, although the tasks of social insurance are set by the State. Only in some specific cases will there be financial support from the State, but not to support insurance organizations but to support insurance participants by the State contributing part or all of the insurance obligations of these subjects. With a few exceptions in the agricultural sector, the State also participates in the costs for the implementation of some services, but in essence these are expenditures associated with the goal of agricultural protection [39]. Thus, in Germany, the State only sets out social security tasks and types of insurance, while implementation is carried out by insurance organizations.

Obviously, the choice of which social security model depends on the viewpoint and specific conditions of each country; therefore, the scope of the State's role according to the social security models is also different. This is also true for the State's role in social security for farmers.

2.2.3.2. State financial capacity and farmers' income

Financial issues are the key issue that is decisive for the implementation of the social security program for farmers. To provide assistance, the State must also have financial resources. To be able to participate in social security according to the contribution-benefit principle, workers must have income. Therefore, the economic factors affecting the construction of the social security system are first of all the capacity of the State budget and the income of farmers. The higher the income of farmers, the greater the farmers' proactive participation in the social security system, the need for assistance from the State will decrease and vice versa. At the same time, the more abundant the financial capacity from the State budget, the greater the scope and scale of assistance for farmers and vice versa.

In most developing countries, social security for farmers is one of the important factors to solve economic and political problems in the process of socio-economic development. However, the implementation of these programs is facing many difficulties. In the process of globalization and international integration, the assistance of rural communities as traditional social security for farmers is currently facing two problems. Firstly , when households and communities in rural areas are often affected by the same type of risk (for example, bad weather conditions affecting crops), every family in the community faces difficulties, the problem of sharing finances and resources to help others becomes difficult. Secondly, due to the impact of industrialization and urbanization, the strong development of the law of the market economy, the tradition of helping each other in the community and family is being eroded. Therefore, for social security programs for farmers to be effective, the participation of the State is needed. In other words, the State needs to ensure finance to implement social security according to the principle of non-contribution. However, the scale and extent depend on the viewpoint and financial capacity of the State budget.

Solving the social security situation for farmers, although still in the spirit of socialization, due to the specific nature of the agricultural sector with low income

The majority of the population is concentrated, so the prerequisite for successful implementation of this program is that, along with the socialization of the social security program for farmers, it is necessary to increase state budget expenditures to provide assistance and support farmers to participate in the social security system. In which, state budget expenditures play an essential role. Here, the Government needs to encourage and support people to actively participate in the social security system, such as through minimal financial assistance for purchasing health insurance cards, which creates opportunities for people to realize the benefits of using health insurance cards, creating a positive premise for the implementation of universal health insurance. The State should have policies to increase the monthly support level for vulnerable groups to at least ensure that people live above the minimum standard of living. In addition to spending to support vulnerable groups living above the minimum standard, the State should consider a sum of money to support training and job search for farmers, thereby helping people escape poverty.

Another amount of money that the State budget has to spend every year is the amount of money to provide emergency assistance to those who are unfortunately facing economic risks due to natural disasters, war, etc. That is the case of implementing social security without contributions.

Financial resources for social security without contributions are often very large, because natural disasters and enemies are often unpredictable and the losses they leave behind are not small, so financial revenue often mobilizes additional charitable contributions from people and businesses in society.

2.2.3.3. Capacity of social security management system for farmers

The capacity of the social security management system is reflected in the suitability of the organizational system and the quantity and quality of the staff working in social security. Establishing a management organization system and ensuring a professional staff to implement the policies of the social security system, meeting the development needs, has a strong impact on the implementation of the State's role in social security. Because the policies and guidelines on social security are only theoretical, whether they can be implemented or not, they must be implemented in each village and each farmer's household. The capacity of the management system not only affects the implementation of passive social security programs but also affects the participation of voluntary subjects in the form of active social security (Contribution - benefit).

In principle, it is possible to establish an independent organizational system for each component, but it is also possible to use the existing government apparatus for implementation, depending on the specific conditions of each country. A universal policy institution has low management costs and a compact management organization, and conversely, a complex institution has more expensive management costs.

The organizational system and apparatus are usually designed to manage the activities of each component and are divided into four levels from the central to the provincial, district and communal levels. This organizational system is subject to vertical control and territorial control. Depending on the mechanism of resource formation of each component and the management mechanism, the role of vertical control or territorial control occupies the leading position. For example, in the early period of innovation, health insurance in our country was controlled by territorial control, but it proved unreasonable in balancing and regulating resources because some provinces lacked resources, while others had surplus resources but could not regulate each other. After that, our country had to amend the management mechanism to apply the vertical control model. Social insurance has always applied the vertical management mechanism since the social insurance policy was introduced; while other components such as special subsidies and social insurance are controlled by territorial control (provincial and district levels), they hold an important position. Because the central budget is balanced for localities to ensure sufficient funding for special assistance and social security.

Having a reasonable apparatus, but also needing a team of cadres with sufficient capacity to implement will bring positive effects in implementing social security programs for beneficiaries. This is reflected in the need to have a sufficient number of cadres and have sufficient professional qualifications to meet operational needs. To do so, it is necessary to focus on training a team of cadres with qualifications and responsibilities that will convey the concern of the Party and State for farmers' lives, convey the benefits of participating in the social security system to farmers. Only then will farmers trust and agree with the policies of the Party and State.

Not only that, for the beneficiary group, a team of highly qualified, competent and responsible staff will create conditions for farmers to access the State's social security policy system in the easiest way. Once participating in the social system, farmers will receive help from the State and they have solved the most basic problem of "income". With a team of dedicated staff

With the dedicated and thoughtful staff, farmers will receive all the benefits they are entitled to, in addition, they will also receive advice and assistance from staff on how to use the subsidies most effectively. From there, farmers can rest assured to develop their economy and stabilize their lives.

2.2.3.4. Social awareness of social security for farmers

Participation in the social security system depends not only on economic factors but also on social factors, in which customs, habits and social awareness play an important role.

Normally in countries with developed market economies, all people are familiar with participating in the social security system, so implementing social security according to the contribution-benefit principle becomes a matter of course, and all people are willing to participate. However, for countries that have shifted from an agricultural, decentralized production base to a market economy like Vietnam, the term social security is still very new. Implementing contribution-benefit according to the principles of the social security system is almost unfamiliar to them. Moreover, in countries with economies operating under a subsidy mechanism, asking-giving, contribution-benefit is also very difficult to be accepted by the people. Therefore, the issue of participation in the social security system of people in the individual agricultural sector and the unstructured sector like in Vietnam is very difficult. Here, the work of dissemination, propaganda, education and guidance for people to participate is of great significance. To do so, it is necessary to pay attention to a number of issues such as disseminating and propagating the State's laws and policies on developing the social security system to the people; mobilizing other social forces such as associations and organizations to participate in propagating and mobilizing people to participate in the social security system; guiding people to participate in the system and jointly monitoring the implementation of the social security policy system.

2.3. EXPERIENCES OF SOME COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD ON THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN SOCIAL SECURITY FOR FARMERS AND LESSONS FOR VIETNAM

2.3.1. Experience of some countries in the world on the role of the State in social security for farmers

2.3.1.1. Experience of the Federal Republic of Germany

The Federal Republic of Germany is a country with a long tradition and much experience in building a social security system in general and for farmers in particular, so it has

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