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Table of General Soil Fertility Assessment Indicators


Soil porosity. Porosity and moisture determine the air permeability and activity of soil microorganisms as well as the development of plant roots. To evaluate and classify the ecological adaptability of plants (coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple and longan), the TPCG index of soil in the study area is divided into 4 levels: sandy loam (Cg1); light loam (Cg2); medium loam (Cg3); heavy loam (Cg4).

+ Soil fertility (OC): is a very important factor in soil assessment as well as in landscape assessment to serve the planning and orientation of agricultural and forestry development. Soil fertility is an important component that determines the nutritional foundation of landscape units. Fertility is a synthesis of many indicators such as: pH KCl , total soil organic matter (OM -%), total nitrogen (N -%), total phosphorus (P 2 O 5

- %), total potassium (K 2 O - %), absorption capacity (CEC - me/100g.soil)... However,

These indicators vary considerably within the same soil type and across different landscape units. To facilitate the classification of soil fertility, in the study area, two main indicators are determined that are synthetic and represent many soil properties: soil organic matter content (OM) and soil adsorption capacity (CEC) (Table 3.1). The classification of soil fertility is based on the general classification and assessment principles of the Vietnam Soil Science Association [20].


Table 3.1. Table of general assessment criteria for soil fertility


Target

Rating hierarchy

Fairly obese (OC1)

Average obesity (OC2)

Low Obesity (OC3)

Organic content

(OM) %

> 3

1 - 3

< 1

Adsorption capacity

(CEC) tamarind/100g soil


> 20


10 - 20


< 10

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Table of General Soil Fertility Assessment Indicators


+ Drainage capacity (Tn): drainage capacity is a very important factor related to soil moisture, flooding problems..., depending on the energy and slope of the terrain, it reflects the level of drainage on the landscape types. Drainage capacity is a factor related to the direction of land use in agricultural and forestry production.


industrial, especially the planning for the development of long-term industrial crops and fruit trees. Based on the ecological needs of crops and the differentiation of the territory, the drainage level of the study area is divided into 4 levels: good drainage (Tn1) for mountainous terrain with high topographic energy and slope; average drainage (Tn2) for gentle hilly terrain, low topographic energy and slope; poor drainage (Tn3) is typical for terrain with very gentle, flat slopes; very poor drainage (Tn4) is concentrated in low-lying areas with quite long flooding periods during the year. Frequently flooded landscapes such as ponds, lakes, rivers and streams are not mentioned but are very important factors (water supply for irrigated agricultural land use types) in the orientation of territorial organization.

+ Average temperature of winter months XII, I and II (Tw): the study of winter temperature differentiation of landscape units within the research territory is extremely important. It is related to the direction of land use for some tropical and subtropical crops with very complex temperature requirements according to each stage of development. Based on the territorial differentiation and ecological needs of perennial crops, the average winter temperature in the research territory is divided into the following levels:

- Cold: 10 - 15 o C (Tw1)

- Cold: 15 - 18 o C (Tw2)

+ Air humidity in winter months XII, I and II (Ww): like the temperature factor, air humidity in winter months has a great influence on tropical and subtropical crops, determining the direction of use and arrangement of crops. Based on the data of air humidity monitoring and the moisture demand in winter months (XII, I and II) of the plants (coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple and longan), air humidity is divided into the following levels:

Dry: 75 - 80%: Ww1

Dry steam: 80 - 85%: Ww2

+ Temperature in March, April and May (Ts): is an important factor in planning and determining the productivity of tropical fruit trees, especially for custard apple trees, this is the period of fruiting.


Flowers and pollination. Based on the ecological needs of custard apple trees and the differentiation characteristics of the territory, the average air temperature in March, April and May is divided into:

Cool: 18 - 23 o C (Ts1)

Hot steam: 23 - 26 o C (Ts2)

+ Average annual rainfall (P): is a factor that contributes to the formation of air and soil humidity, and is also a factor that determines the arrangement of crops on the territory. Based on the ecological needs of coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple and longan trees combined with the differentiation of average annual rainfall in the research territory, the average annual rainfall factor is classified as follows:

1500 - 1800 mm (P1)

1000 - 1500 mm (P2)

+ Number of dry months (Dr): related to the ability to meet the moisture needs of crops (coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple and longan) during the dry season. Dry periods have the effect of promoting or inhibiting the metabolism and energy of crops, directly affecting the assimilation and catabolism processes, efficiency and biological rhythms of crops. Too high or too dry humidity can inhibit the growth of plants, and if prolonged, can kill plants. However, the need for moisture is not uniform during the growth periods, so it is not entirely correct to say that plants always need moisture or that the more moisture the better. In general, long-term industrial crops and fruit trees require enough water during the growth period, fruit nurturing and need less moisture during the dormant period before flowering. Under the conditions of differentiation of the research territory and the ecological needs of the trees (lychee, custard apple, longan and coffee), the number of dry months is divided into 2 corresponding levels:

Dr1: 1 month

Dr2: 4 - 5 months

+ Frequency of frost occurrence in a year (Sg): is a very important ecological limit indicator expressed through the level of influence of frost on the formation and development of the stems, leaves and branches of crops, especially long-term industrial crops and fruit trees. If frost appears and lasts for a long time, it will seriously affect the crops, even causing burning and death of the entire stems, leaves, branches and young shoots.


Particularly serious for cold-resistant crops such as Arabica coffee, if exposed to frost, it will kill them during the basic design period or burn the flower buds and young fruits during the business period, causing crop failure. Areas with little frost, if well covered and protected, can still grow coffee. However, in research works on coffee trees, especially Arabica coffee, the quantification of the level of influence of frost on the growth, development and productivity has not been specifically mentioned [40], [43]. With the results of field surveys, data collection from local people on the influence of frost on crops, especially Arabica coffee, combined with the ecological characteristics of the crops and based on the number of

Statistical data on the possibility of frost occurrence in the study area, dividing the frequency of frost occurrence into 2 levels: Sg1: 1 < number of days with frost 2; Sg2:

> 2 days of frost.

Table 3.2. Summary of hierarchical criteria for assessing ecological adaptation for groups of long-term industrial crops and fruit trees

(coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple and longan) Huu Lung area.


Target

Classification

Symbol


I. Soil type

1. Valley soil due to the accumulation of limestone

2. Valley soil due to the accumulation of other rocks

3. Alluvial soil is deposited annually

4. Alluvial soil is not deposited (P)

5. Red and yellow soil changes due to rice cultivation

6. Red-yellow soil on shale

7. Pale yellow soil on siltstone

8. Red-yellow soil on rhyolite

9. Brown-yellow soil on ancient alluvium

10. Red brown soil on limestone

Dv D

Pb P

Fl Fs Fq Fa

Fp Fv


II. Slope

1. Slope below 8 0

2. Slope from 8 - 15 0

3. Slope from 15 - 25 0

4. Slope over 25 0

SL1 SL2 SL3

SL4


III. Thick layer

1. Layer thickness over 100 cm

2. Thick layer 50 - 100 cm

3. Layer thickness less than 50 cm

D1 D2

D3

IV. Mechanical components

1. Sand mix

2. Light meat

3. Medium meat

4. Heavy meat

Cg1 Cg2

Cg3 Cg4


V. Soil fertility

1. Fairly obese

2. Average obesity

3. Low obesity

OC1 OC2

OC3




VI. Drainage capacity

1. Good drainage

2. Average drainage

3. Poor drainage

4. Very poor drainage

Tn1 Tn2 Tn3

Tn4

VII. Average temperature in December, January and February

1. Cold: from 10 - 15 0 C

2. Cold: from 15 - 18 0 C

Tw1

Tw2

VIII. Average humidity in December, January, and February

1. Dry: 75 - 80%

2. Dry steam: 80 - 85%

Ww1

Ww2

IX. Average temperature in March, April and May

1. Cool: 18 - 23 0 C

2. Heat: > 23 - 26 0 C

Ts1

Ts2

X. Average annual rainfall (mm)

1. 1,500 - 1,800

2. From 1,000 - 1,500

P1

P2

XI. Number of dry months in a year

1. 1 month

2. From 4 - 5 months

Dr1

Dr2

XII. Frequency of occurrence of frost in

year (day)

1. 1 < number of days 2

2. > 2 days

Sg1 Sg2


3.3.2. Separate assessment of ecological indicators

Table 3.3. Standard table for evaluating specific landscape criteria for coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple and longan trees in Huu Lung area

Type of land use


Target

Adaptability

Very adaptable (3 points)

Medium adaptability (2 points)

Less adaptable (1 point)

Not suitable (0 points)

Coffee tea tree

1. Soil type

-

Fs, D, Fa

Fp, Fq, P,

Dv, Fv

Pb, Fl

2. Slope

0 - 8 o (SL1)

8 - 15 o (SL2)

15 - 25 o (SL3)

> 25 o (SL4)

3. Soil thickness (cm)

> 100 (D1)

50 - 100 (D2)

< 50 (D3)

-

4. Motorized city

Medium meat, heavy meat (Cg3,

Cg4)

-

Light meat (Cg2)

Sand mix (Cg1)

5. Soil fertility

Fair (OC1)

T (OC2)

Low (OC3)

-

6. Number of frost days

-

-

1 < day 2

(Sg1)

> 2 days (Sg2)

7. Average annual rainfall (mm)

1500 - 1800

(P1)

1000 - 1500

(P2)

-

-

8. Number of dry months

1 month (Dr1)

-

4 - 5 months

(Dr2)

-

Litchi

1. Soil type

P, Fs

Fp, Fq, Fa

Dv, Fv, D

Pb, Fl

2. Slope

0 - 8 o (SL1)

8 - 15 o (SL2)

15 - 25 o (SL3)

> 25 o (SL4)

3. Layer thickness (cm)

> 100 (D1)

50 - 100 (D2)

< 50 (D3)

-

4. Motorized city

Medium meat

vase (Cg3)

Light meat

(Cg2)

Heavy meat, sand

phase (Cg4, Cg1)

-

5. Soil fertility

Fair (OC1)

T (OC2)

Low (OC3)

-

6. Drainage capacity

Good (Tn1)

Average (Tn2)

Poor (Tn3)

Very poor (Tn4)




7. Temperature in December, January, February

( o C)

Cold (Tw2)

Cold (Tw1)

-

-

8. Humidity in December, January, February

(%)

Dry (Ww1)

Dry

(Ww2)

-

-

custard apple tree

1. Soil type

Dv, Fv

Fs, Fa, P

D, Fp, Fq

Pb, Fl

2. Slope

0 - 8 o (SL1)

8 - 15 o (SL2)

15 - 25 o (SL3)

> 25 o (SL4)

3. Layer thickness (cm)

> 100 (D1)

50 - 100 (D2)

< 50 (D3)

-

4. Motorized city

Medium meat (Cg3)

Light meat (Cg2)

Sand mixed, meat

heavy (Cg1, Cg4)

-

5 Soil fertility

Fair (OC1)

Average (OC2)

Low (OC3)

-

6 Drainage capacity

Good (Tn1)

Average (Tn2)

Poor (Tn3)

Very poor (Tn4)

7 Temperature in March, April, May

Cool (Ts1)

Hot steam (Ts2)

-

-

8 Average annual rainfall (mm)

1500 - 1800

(P1)

1000 - 1500

(P2)

-

-

Longan tree

1. Soil type

P

Fa, Fs, D

Dv, Fv, Fp, Fq

Pb, Fl

2. Slope

0 - 8 o (SL1)

8 - 15 o (SL2)

15 - 25 o (SL3)

> 25 o (SL4)

3. Layer thickness (cm)

> 100 (D1)

50 - 100 (D2)

< 50 (D3)

-

4. Motorized city

TB meat, meat

light (Cg3, Cg2)

Heavy meat

(Cg4)

Sand mix

(Cg1)

-

5. Soil fertility

Fair (OC1)

T (OC2)

Low (OC3)

-

6. Drainage capacity

Good (Tn1)

Average (Tn2)

Poor (Tn3)

Very poor (Tn4)

7. Average annual rainfall (mm)

1500 - 1800

(P1)

1000 - 1500

(P2)

-

-

8. Humidity in December, January, February (%)

Dry (Ww1)

Dry Steam (Ww2)

-

-

Based on basic research documents on ecological needs of long-term industrial crops and fruit trees [19], [40], [43] combined with the contributions of many experienced experts, the classification of ecological adaptation levels for each indicator for coffee, tea, lychee, custard-apple, and longan trees was conducted based on a comparison between the ecological needs of each tree and the response capacity of the landscape types in the research territory and is shown in Table 3.3.

3.4. Evaluation and classification of ecological suitability of landscape types for coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple and longan trees

3.4.1. Assessment of ecological adaptation level

Ecological suitability assessment is to determine the suitability of the overall sites for specific planning objects. The input data for the assessment step includes the characteristics of the overall sites (which here are landscape types), the ecological needs of the types of resource use, and the output is the result of the assessment of the ecological suitability of the overall sites for each type of land use (coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple, longan) in the form of scores and classification of ecological suitability levels. The assessment score can be calculated by total score or average (NC


Huan, 1992) or the geometric mean of the component points. To divide the suitability levels (or favorableness levels) of the overall sites, researchers have used factor analysis methods, especially currently in agricultural land use planning, the FAO (1986) land suitability assessment method has been applied.

The assessment of ecological adaptation of landscape types to serve the rational exploitation and use of the territory with the object of long-term crops (coffee, lychee, custard apple, longan) is essentially the process of comparing the potential of landscape types and the ecological needs of the crops. The assessment is carried out by the method of scoring each ecological indicator of the landscape types depending on the ability to meet the ecological needs of coffee, lychee, custard apple and longan. Here , the scale is assessed for each indicator and divided into 4 levels as follows:


Very adaptable: 3 points

Average adaptability: 2 points

Less adaptable: 1 point

Not suitable: 0 points

The overall assessment was conducted using the geometric mean method of the scores for the eight ecological indicators. The result of the geometric mean problem is the overall assessment score of each landscape type for each specific studied crop type:

M o = n a 1 .a 2 .a 3 ...a n

M o : Overall rating score

(1)

a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... a n : Score for each evaluation criterion n: Number of evaluation criteria


The advantage of the geometric mean problem according to D. L Armand (1975) is that if in the characteristics of the landscape type only 1 limiting indicator (with similar points) needs to appear,


(corresponding to 0 points) that the crop cannot overcome, then the overall assessment result is 0 points and is classified as non-adapted (N).

The scores for each criterion included in the adaptation assessment are taken from a separate assessment standard table (see table 3.3). The geometric mean of the scores for the eight criteria will give the overall assessment result for each landscape type.

By the above method, it is possible to calculate specifically for all types of landscapes in Huu Lung territory for each type of crop studied. The results of the assessment of the ecological adaptation level of each type of landscape for coffee, tea, lychee, custard apple and longan are shown in tables 2, 3, 4, 5 in the appendix.

3.4.2. Classification of ecological adaptation level

In the study area, landscape types with a geometric mean score of 0 are classified as unsuitable (N). Landscape types with a geometric mean score other than 0 are classified according to suitability levels (S1, S2, S3). From the results of the comprehensive assessment of landscape types for lychee, custard apple, and longan (see tables 3, 4, 5 in the appendix), up to 20 landscape types are classified as unsuitable (N), the remaining (46 landscape types) are classified as suitable. For Arabica coffee (see table 2 in the appendix), up to 35 landscape types are classified as unsuitable (N) and only 31 landscape types are classified as suitable. The score gap of each suitability level in the suitability classification scale is calculated according to the Aivasian formula (1983):

S S Max S Min

1 LgH

(2)

Here, the maximum geometric mean score (S Max ) is 3 points, the minimum geometric mean score (S Min ) is 1 point and H is the number of landscape types classified with a geometric mean score other than 0.

The calculation results show:

- The distance score of each adaptation level in the adaptation rating scale for Arabica coffee is 0.8.

- The distance between the scores of each adaptation level in the adaptation ranking scale for lychee, custard apple, and longan is 0.75.

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