Some Main Orientations To Improve The Efficiency Of Using Cultivated Land In The Direction Of Commodity Production In The Region

* Hard

- Although Con Cuong district has relatively convenient inter-provincial, district and communal traffic routes, the roads leading to production sites are narrow and steep or have landslides during the rainy season, affecting the collection of products, transportation of goods and the loss rate of products after harvest.

- Being a mountainous district, the terrain is fragmented, the land of the commune is mainly hills, some places have high slopes, making the land use prone to erosion, leaching of nutrients, making it difficult for the cultivation process such as planting, caring, harvesting products...etc. The harsh climate, especially the hot sun and southwest monsoon, greatly affects the growth and development of crops, leading to low productivity. The irrigation system has not met the needs of agricultural production due to high investment costs, steep terrain...

- The area of land for growing rice and other crops is still fragmented and small... making it difficult to expand production in a concentrated and commodity direction...

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- The mechanical population growth rate of the district is still relatively high, thus causing great pressure on land use management such as land for housing and cultivated land. The infrastructure system serving the economic development of the district is still weak and not synchronous, especially the irrigation system of the district. The general level of education of the district is still relatively low, so it is very limited in acquiring techniques, applying scientific and technical advances to land use management and production activities. Moreover, in the district, there is the Dan Lai ethnic group with backward customs and farming practices, producing according to traditional agriculture, thus causing the land to increasingly degrade, and crop productivity to decrease.

* Opportunity

The Party and State's policies of concern support and help economic development for rural mountainous areas, so the district has enjoyed many economic development incentives from the state such as capital support, loans to organize production, investment in infrastructure, technical training, seed support....

These are the bases for effective land use management and promoting economic development of the district.

* Challenge

- The land area for agricultural production is still insufficient and not commensurate with the annual population growth. The situation of people living in some areas intermingling in forests, destroying forests, and encroaching on forest land for cultivation of food crops and vegetables is becoming complicated.

- Complex changes in climate, weather, pests and diseases of crops (especially diseases of oranges, rice, vegetables, etc.), and irregular occurrences of natural disasters and droughts.

- Prices of agricultural products fluctuate frequently, it is necessary to develop stable product consumption channels. Prices of fertilizer materials are increasing...

In general, the research area still has many difficulties and challenges that hinder the development of local farming models. Difficulties and challenges are major obstacles, the cause of hindering the sustainable development of the models, but can be limited and overcome through the construction and implementation of practical solutions. The proposed solutions must promote strengths and opportunities; overcome weaknesses and challenges; and at the same time must be synchronous, have a scientific and legal basis.

4.5.2. Some main orientations to improve the efficiency of using cultivated land towards commodity production in the region

4.5.2.1. Capital solutions

To have enough capital to invest synchronously in all stages of the production process towards regional commodity production in the coming years, it is necessary to have appropriate financial policies to attract capital sources in the most effective way.

Based on the survey, research and especially investigation in farmer households. The topic proposes some of the following solutions:

Currently, there is a "Policy Bank for the Poor" developed to communes, this is a practical work and creates favorable conditions for the poor to have capital for production. Applying the strict management and guidance of local authorities, the poor are always given priority to borrow capital to focus on producing goods, contributing to improving life and paying back capital to the state.

The District People's Committee can proactively participate as an arbitrator to establish a relationship between farmers and agricultural processing and export enterprises...etc., to be able to mobilize capital in advance for farmers to produce and then farmers supply products to enterprises. This will avoid the situation where farmers lack awareness, chase after profits while the market is scarce, then sell outside to make a profit without providing enough products for enterprises to operate.

4.5.2.2. Market solutions

The consumption market is the key issue in the production of agricultural and forestry products. Guiding production according to the market and finding stable consumption markets are the current requirements to protect the efficiency of land use and at the same time promote agricultural production in a reasonable way.

Con Cuong district is a district with many transportation advantages, close to Vinh city and the border of Lao PDR. The district's products can be easily transported to major markets and exported... so the research area needs to be oriented to produce products suitable for the market.

- It is necessary to promote the connection of 4 parties (farmers, businesses, scientists, the state) in which each has its own strengths. Farmers have land, labor, businesses have capital, management and service systems...etc. If there is a consensus combination between the 4 parties in the value chain and everyone benefits, we can mobilize capital from businesses and businesses are also the consumers of the products made. A specific example is V2 orange trees, medicinal plants always have a market so prices are stable, increasing production value.

- Forming rural wholesale markets located in district centers, commune cluster centers (Con Cuong town, Yen Khe, Bong Khe...etc), convenient traffic intersections for travel and exchange inside and outside the area.

- Educate farmers about market mechanisms, link with distributors to sign contracts to supply clean and safe products, creating favorable conditions for consuming produced products.

4.5.2.3. Solutions on human resources and science and technology

With the land use models in Con Cuong district, the ability to attract labor force is very large. It is necessary to have measures to distribute population and labor evenly to use the surplus labor and labor shortage during the planting or harvesting season. It is necessary to train qualified labor to quickly absorb advanced farming science and technology in the process of land use and agricultural and forestry production.

Strengthening agricultural extension activities, improving farmers' technical knowledge of new technical advances in cultivation, especially techniques for sustainable development of oranges, medicinal plants, developing the Con Cuong orange brand, orange essential oil, orange peel jam..., clean and safe agricultural products..., at the same time developing livestock and poultry farming models that make maximum use of organic fertilizer sources, which both protect the environment, reduce production costs, and increase income for people.

Complete the irrigation infrastructure system and scientific irrigation and drainage services. To serve scientific irrigation, it is necessary to regularly organize dredging of canals to ensure the flow of water and solidify canals to avoid loss when using water. In addition to investing capital in the construction and repair of irrigation works invested by the state, it is necessary to closely combine the management work of the people, and it is necessary to use scientific irrigation methods to save water to meet the water requirements according to the growth period of crops and thereby reduce product costs.

It is necessary to implement well the processing technology combined with preservation according to the traditional methods of the people, at the same time applying modern preservation technology to ensure that there are products that meet the standards for long-term and regular use in the daily life of farmers.

4.5.2.4. Other solutions

Con Cuong district needs to build an irrigation system capable of being proactive in using cultivated land to develop agriculture and forestry. Focus on using manure, organic fertilizers, biological products and balanced NPK to increase soil fertility, manage agricultural materials to avoid fake fertilizers and pesticides, increase the application of integrated pest control measures IPM, limit to a scientific level the excessive use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides to avoid soil contamination and degradation, link production according to VietGap standards... Based on the effectiveness of the studied farming models, build a suitable, long-term and sustainable crop structure. Diversify crops in the model to support each other to increase soil fertility.

Complete and synchronously implement a number of solutions to develop agriculture in the direction of commodities; solutions on land, solutions on prices in production and business, solutions on land consolidation and plot exchange, to overcome the fragmentation and dispersion in production... Invest in building infrastructure to serve commodity production such as; complete the transportation system to meet the needs of transporting goods and agricultural materials.

CONCLUSION, PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Conclusion

Con Cuong is a mountainous district in the southwest of Nghe An province, playing an important role in the socio-economic development and national defense and security of the province. With a total natural land area of 173,831.12 ha, of which the agricultural and forestry land area is 169,064.58 ha , accounting for 97.7% of the total natural area. The research area currently has 5 common LHCTs (i) Specialized rice cultivation (LUT1); (ii) Rice - various crops (LUT2); (iii) Perennial industrial crops and fruit trees (LUT3); (iv) Other short-term crops (medicinal herbs) LUT4; and (v) Forestry trees

industry (LUT5).

Combining households, the project selected 5 farming models corresponding to 5 types in the locality to evaluate the effectiveness. These models were arranged interwoven to form household-level farm models in the direction of developing commodity production, including: (i) Specialized model of 2 crops/year; (ii) Rice + Corn model; (iii) Medicinal plant model; (iv) Orange V2 model and (v) Acacia auriculiformis model.

- Economic efficiency: The model of growing honeysuckle trees achieved a profit of 1,339,850,000 VND/ha/year, ranked first, followed by the model of growing vines with 351,850,000 VND/ha/year, ranked third was the model of climbing eggplant with 210,700,000 VND; 1-crop rice plus 1-2 hybrid corn crops achieved 51,390,000 VND/ha/year and the lowest was the model specializing in rice with 36,540,000 VND/ha/year. With 2 long-term crops: Orange V2 has an NPV of 1,028,468,766 VND, Acacia auriculiformis is 30,354,793 VND, with the same interest rate of 10 Orange V2 has a BCR, IRR of 5.75 and 101.73%, respectively, corresponding to Acacia auriculiformis is 2.9 and 29%.

- Social efficiency: The conversion of crop structure from rice, corn and cassava to orange, acacia and medicinal plant cultivation has attracted a lot of laborers to participate because these crops require a lot of care and labor investment.

That is why the medicinal plant growing model is rated the highest, followed by V2 orange, Acacia auriculiformis, Rice - Corn and the lowest is 2-crop rice.

- Environmental efficiency: The model of growing oranges and Acacia mangium is assessed to have higher environmental efficiency, followed by the model of growing medicinal plants, the rice - corn model, and the lowest is still the 2-rice crop model.

- Regarding total efficiency: Research results show that the V2 Orange growing model has the highest total efficiency (Ect = 0.99), the Honeysuckle growing model has Etc = 0.93; the Acacia auriculiformis model Etc = 0.92; the Etc of the spoon plant model = 0.69, the Solanum procumbens model has Ect = 0.65, the Corn - Rice model has Ect = 0.51 and the lowest is the specialized wet rice model with Ect = 0.36, ranked 7th.

- Based on the research results, the topic has proposed a number of orientations to enhance the development of effective models and ensure food security in the region. With synchronous solutions on capital, market, human resources and science and technology to move towards building models of land use in Con Cuong district to achieve high efficiency and sustainability.

2. Existence

Due to limited time and research level, combining many farming models that have not been harvested or people have not followed up. Therefore, the topic has not evaluated many models in the area, thus reducing the significance of the thesis.

The method of evaluating the effectiveness of the model using the interview method is limited by subjectivity. Social and environmental indicators are only evaluated qualitatively, so the research results are for reference only.

3. Recommendations

Further and broader research on all types of local farming is needed in the coming time.

Continue to research and quantify indicators of social and environmental efficiency of local farming models.

To develop sustainable land use models, people must combine crops that are suitable to local ecological conditions and customs and meet economic, social and environmental goals.

To promote local economic development, it is necessary to promote internal resources, develop infrastructure to facilitate the development of agricultural and forestry production and the exchange of goods, in order to increase product value.

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