School Management and Teaching Management

Chapter 1

THEORETICAL BASIS OF MANAGING TEACHING ACTIVITIES ACCORDING TO THE VNEN MODEL IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS

1.1. Some features of the history of research on the problem

Since ancient times, teaching activities (TAC) and TAC management have been studied and summarized by philosophers from both the East and the West.

Confucius (551-475 BC) - a great thinker and educator of ancient China, believed that if a country wants to be prosperous and strong, it must focus on three factors: Thu (population); Phu (rich people); Giao (educated people). Thus, education is an indispensable factor in a society. In teaching, he emphasized self-study, self-cultivation, promoting creativity, promoting endogenous capacity, teaching close to the subject, individualizing the subject, combining learning with practice, theory with practice, developing motivation, interest, and will of the learner. Up to now, Confucius's educational methods are still great lessons for our managers and teachers.

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When laying the foundation for the school system, pedagogist JA Comenxki (1592 - 1670) also mentioned the issue of managing teaching activities of teachers. He put forward the viewpoint that education must adapt to nature. According to him, the teaching process to impart and receive knowledge must be based on things and phenomena that students observe and think for themselves to understand, and should not use authority to force or coerce people to accept anything. He also put forward a number of valuable teaching principles such as: the intuitive principle; the principle of promoting students' positivity and self-awareness; the principle of system and continuity; the principle of consolidating knowledge; the principle of teaching according to students' ability to absorb; teaching must be practical; teaching according to the individual principle...

Absorbing and developing those ideas, modern educational researchers have published many research works on teaching and learning activities.

Nowadays, along with the development of human society, educational management has become a science and is increasingly developing comprehensively.

In our country, after the August Revolution, many scientists have deeply researched the science of educational management such as the work of author Nguyen Minh Dao "The scientific basis of educational management", "Management, educational management from models" by author Dang Quoc Bao. "The scientific basis of management" by author Nguyen Quoc Chi, Nguyen Thi My Loc, researchers such as Nguyen Canh Toan, Tran Kiem, Ho Ngoc Dai, Nguyen Gia Quy, Tran Kieu, Pham Viet Vuong, ... in their research works have discussed the work of managing teaching activities and issues related to the management of teaching activities.

Recently, some master's theses in educational science specializing in educational management have initially mentioned measures to manage teaching activities in general schools from many different perspectives. These are topics such as:

"Measures to manage teaching activities of the principal of Hai An High School - Hai Phong in the current period" by author Bui Thanh Binh, 2008.

"Measures to manage teaching activities at secondary school level in Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh province to meet the needs of educational innovation in the current period" by author Phung Van Ha, 2008.

“Measures to manage teaching and learning activities of Mathematics in secondary schools in Nam Truc district, Nam Dinh province in the current context” by author Hoang Hai Toan, 2010.

The above research topics have studied the current status of management measures of teaching activities of the Department of Education and Training or of principals for teachers of secondary and high schools using different approaches and have proposed a number of necessary and feasible measures to improve management efficiency. However, the research on the management of teaching activities according to the VNEN model has been rarely mentioned.

Because this teaching model has just been widely deployed by the education sector in primary schools and is being initially deployed in secondary schools. The characteristic of the teaching method according to the VNEN model is that the teaching method is oriented towards active learning, against passive learning habits. The VNEN model requires promoting the positivity of both teachers and learners. In fact, this method requires teachers to promote the positivity and initiative of learners. Therefore, as a secondary school manager, I boldly chose the topic "Managing secondary schools according to the VNEN model in Uong Bi city, Quang Ninh province" with the hope of contributing a small part to improving the effectiveness of teaching management work of secondary schools in Uong Bi city. Thereby contributing to improving the quality of teaching at the secondary school level in the city.

1.2. Basic concepts of the topic

1.2.1. Management

Management is a social phenomenon, an activity arising from the needs of human life since the time of cooperation and division of labor. To achieve their goals, people must plan, arrange the sequence of implementation and influence the object in some way according to their ability. The more diverse and rich human activities are, the higher the level, the higher the level of management and operation required. Management is an objective category, an inevitable need of history. There are many different views on management:

According to C. Marx: “ All direct social labor or collective labor carried out on a relatively large scale, more or less, requires a director to harmonize individual activities and to perform general functions that arise from the movement of the whole organism, as opposed to the movement of its separate organs. A solo violinist controls himself, but an orchestra needs a conductor ” [7, p.480]. Thus, Marx believes that the nature of

Management is a labor contract, an extremely important and inevitable contract in the process of human development.

Frederik Winslon Taylor - considered the "Father of Scientific Management Theory", one of the people who opened the "Golden Age" in Management expressed his core idea in Management: "Every type of work, no matter how small, must be specialized and must be managed closely". He said: " Management is the art of knowing exactly what needs to be done and how to do it in the best and cheapest way " [31].

According to author Nguyen Quoc Chi, author Nguyen Thi My Loc: " Management is the oriented, purposeful impact of the management subject (manager) on the management object (managed person) - in an organization - to make the organization operate and achieve the organization's goals " [8].

Analyzing the above definitions shows us that although there are different approaches, they all have the same nature:

- Management is an essential activity of an organization or social group.

- Management is the targeted, specific and objective impacts of the management subject on the management object.

- Management is the activity that brings the organization towards its intended goals through the efforts of individuals in the organization.

- Management is the activity of selecting, organizing, and optimally exploiting resources (human and material resources) and actions to promote and coordinate all individual efforts in bringing the organization towards a common goal.

Thus, from the above definitions we can understand: Management is a process of purposeful, planned, organized impact, in accordance with the objective laws of the management subject on the management object to achieve the set goals.

In this understanding, QL is a system consisting of 4 basic elements:

+ Management subject: (manager, management organization) sets goals to guide and control management objects to achieve predetermined goals.

+ Management object (management subject): People (organized into a collective, a society...), the process of performing the organization's tasks, facilities, conditions for operating the organization (technical equipment...).

+ Management mechanism : The methods by which management activities are carried out and the interactive relationship between management subjects and management objects is operated and adjusted.

+ General goal: For both management objects and management subjects, this is the basis for management subjects to carry out management activities.

The above elements of management have mutual influence, do not follow rigid regulations but must be flexible.

* QL function:

According to author Nguyen Ngoc Quang , "Management function is a form of management activity, through which the management subject impacts the management object to achieve a certain goal" [30, p.17].

Authors Nguyen Quoc Chi and Nguyen Thi My Loc said: "Discussing management activities and managers, we need to understand what managers have to do? That is, we need to understand management functions and how they do that job? In other words, we need to consider what management roles they have to play" [8, p.12].

Thus, QL includes 4 basic functions:

- Planning function : Is to determine the goals and objectives of the organization in each period and stage, thereby finding the path, measures and methods to help the organization achieve those goals and objectives.

- Organizational function : Organizational function includes 2 tasks: First task: Organizing the apparatus

The organization must be suitable in structure and operating mechanism, and must be capable of achieving the goal. The work of organizing the apparatus is to divide the organization into departments to perform specific functions and build a coordination mechanism, build close relationships between departments to achieve synchronization in operation.

Second task: Organize work.

Arrange work reasonably, assign tasks clearly for everyone

towards common goals.

- Leadership function (direction): Is the process of influencing the management subject by giving orders, assigning tasks, encouraging and motivating the managed person to be proactive and work according to the plan and assigned tasks, thereby ensuring that the organization's activities take place in order and discipline to achieve the organization's goals.

- Control function: These are activities of the management subject that affect the management object to collect information, evaluate and process the organization's operational results. Control is the process of determining the actual results achieved, comparing and contrasting with the set goals, collecting feedback information to detect deviations and carrying out corrective and rectifying activities if necessary.

Management functions form a management cycle, they have a close relationship with each other, influence each other, and are the premise for each other. However, in practice, management functions are not only performed sequentially but often intertwined when performing management activities. In the management process, the information factor is always present in all stages with the role of both a condition and a means to create conditions for the management subject to perform management functions and make management decisions. Only with accurate information about the object can the manager perform the 4 management functions well.

The relationship between management functions and information systems is represented by the following management cycle diagram:

Plan

Check

Organization

Information

11th Grade Learning Materials – University of Technology

Direct

Digitized by Center N http://www.ltc.tnu.edu.vn

Diagram 1.1: QL functions in the QL cycle

1.2.2. Educational management

Educational management is a form of social management with the goal of bringing the educational system or a part of it towards the established goal. Based on the concept of general management, authors also have different definitions of educational management.

According to author Dang Quoc Bao's point of view: " Educational management in the general sense is the operation and coordination of social forces to promote the training of the young generation according to social requirements" [2, p.34].

According to author Nguyen Ngoc Quang, " Educational management is a system of purposeful and planned impacts in accordance with the laws of the management subject, aiming to make the system operate according to the Party's educational guidelines, realizing the characteristics of Vietnamese socialist schools, whose focal point is the process of teaching and educating the young generation, bringing the educational system to the expected goal, advancing to a new state of quality " [30, p.12].

Based on the general definition of management and analysis of the above definitions, we believe that: Educational management is the process of organized, oriented, and objectively lawful impact of the educational management system on the management object (educational activities) to bring the educational activities of the educational system to be managed to achieve the desired results.

to the goals of the education system and schools .

1.2.3. School management and teaching and learning management

1.2.3.1. School management

There are many concepts of school management:

According to author Pham Minh Hac, " School management is implementing the Party's educational policy within the scope of one's responsibility, that is, bringing the school

operate according to educational principles, to move towards educational goals, training goals for the education sector, for the young generation and each student " [17, p.55].

According to author Nguyen Ngoc Quang, " School management is the management of teaching and learning activities, which means how to bring those activities from one state to another to gradually move towards educational goals " [30, p.67].

Through the above concepts, it can be seen that the goal of school management is to operate the educational process in schools according to the Party's educational viewpoints and policies to best meet the people's learning needs and develop personality.

comprehensive for learners and practitioners

porch

the school network

Thus, school management is essentially the planned, oriented impact of the educational management board on all aspects of school activities according to educational principles and towards educational goals, the focus of which is to bring teaching and learning activities into practice.

learn

item

educational goals and objectives

school standards

1.2.3.2. Management of teaching activities

The core activity in a school is teaching activities, so management of teaching activities plays a crucial role in school management.

The requirement of teaching activity management is to manage the elements that make up the structure of the teaching process, so the content of teaching management includes managing goals, programs, teaching content, methods, means, forms of teaching organization, teachers, students, and teaching results.

Author Dang Quoc Bao analyzed the school's teaching activities as a system of components and represented by the following diagram: [2]

M: Teaching objectives N: Teaching content

P: Teaching method Th: Teacher

Tr: Game

Condition: Conditions

Management Condition: Management