Chapter 2: RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND METHODS
2.1. RESEARCH LOCATION.
Ho Chi Minh City is the most populous city, and also an important economic, cultural and educational center of Vietnam. Located in the transition zone between the Southeast and Southwest regions, Ho Chi Minh City today includes 19 districts and 5 counties, with a total area of ββ2,095.01 kmΒ². According to the official census results at 0:00 on April 1, 2009, the city's population was 7,162,864 people (accounting for 8.34% of Vietnam's population). Ho Chi Minh City, with a large population, high density in the inner city, plus a large number of transient people, has created a great demand for education, health care and health care, urbanization issues, and social policies. Common non-communicable and infectious chronic diseases in developing countries such as malaria, dengue fever, cholera, typhoid, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, mental illness, occupational diseases... all appear in Ho Chi Minh City, affecting the quality of life of each person [1].
Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy is one of the leading medical universities in Vietnam in general and in the Southern region in particular. The main campus is located at 217 Hong Bang, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City. The university currently has 7 faculties: Nursing - Medical Technology (District 5), Dentistry (District 5), Basic Science (District 5), Pharmacy (District 1), Public Health (District 8), Medicine (District 5), Traditional Medicine (Phu Nhuan District). The University of Medicine and Pharmacy also manages a hospital, the University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hospital, which is a level 2 unit and a practice facility for students ( http://www.yds.edu.vn/ ).
2.2. RESEARCH DESIGN.
Research one thing at a time.
2.2.1. Research subjects.
Psychological disorders of depression, anxiety, stress of students at Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy.
2.2.2. Target population.
Student of Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy
2.2.3. Research subjects (Sample population).
Including 400 students from the faculties of Pharmacy, Public Health, Medicine, Traditional Medicine, Nursing and Medical Technology - Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy.
2.3. SAMPLE SIZE.
This is a study estimating the prevalence of psychological disorders, so the sampling formula used is
[14],
n: Sample size
π 2 οΏ½1 β πΌ οΏ½ β π(1 β π) n =2
d 2
Ξ±: Type 1 error probability, πΌ = 0.05
2
Z: Reliability coefficient, π (1β πΌ ) = 1.96 ; Z 2 =3.84
p: Previous research rate (Truong Dinh Chinh's mental rate was 59% of 382 people) [3].
d: Error 5% (d= 0.05) Design effect = 1
So the sample size is n=388
2.4. SELECT A MODEL.
2.4.1. Sampling techniques.
- Make a list of year 1 and year 3 in the Faculties.
- Take all students in year 1 and 3, then randomly select a single distance system of 6 (1/6) stratified by year and faculty.
- The list of students was selected based on the actual number of students present at the time of the study.
- The researcher distributed the survey to the students.
- Each student has 10-15 minutes to answer the questions on the form.
2.4.2. Inclusion criteria.
- With the consent of students participating in answering the questionnaire.
- Be present in class at the time of the interview.
- The student's answers are considered honest (honesty test question).
2.4.3. Exclusion criteria.
- Uncooperative.
- Insufficient data in the questionnaire.
- Medical conclusion is mental disorder.
2.5. DATA COLLECTION.
2.5.1 Data collection questionnaire.
Use the questionnaire according to the APA guidelines in DSM-IV [11].
All subjects were interviewed using the DASS-42 questionnaire [25], which is used to assess the level of depression, anxiety and stress; in Hong Kong, a study used the DASS-42 on 155 recent graduates; in Iran, a study applied the DASS-42 [40]. The Cronbach's Alpha reliability of the DASS-42 is quite high, however it varies slightly when used on different subjects: in adults, aged 18 to 91 (a survey of 1,794 people in the UK), the consensus reliability for the DASS-42 was 0.93, for depression was 0.88, for anxiety was 0.82, for stress was 0.90; Another study on 850 subjects with an average age of 21-22 found that the uniform reliability for DASS-42 was 0.89, depression was 0.79, anxiety was 0.70, stress was 0.76. And the reliability coefficient in a study in Vietnam (n=1078) of DASS-21 was 0.84, depression was 0.81, anxiety was 0.83, stress was 0.88 [21].
Although DASS-21 and DASS-42 are widely used in many countries, they are still limited to subjects under 14 years old. DASS-42 has 42 questions, each with four response levels, corresponding to scores of 0, 1, 2, 3.
Depression level: questions 1, 22, 2, 23, 4, 25, 6, 27, 7, 28, 8, 29, 9, 30, 11, 12, 32, 33, 14,
15, 35, 36, 18, 19, 20, 39, 40, 41
Anxiety level: questions 1, 3, 24, 5, 6, 26, 27, 8, 29, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
16, 17, 18, 37, 38, 39, 21, 42
Stress level: 2, 3, 4, 5, 23, 24, 25, 26, 7, 28, 9, 10, 30, 31, 13, 34, 15,16,17, 36, 37,
38, 19, 20, 21, 40, 41, 42.
Table 1.5. Levels of psychological disturbance DASS-42 (*).
Level
Depression | Anxiety | Stress | |
Normal | 0 β 9 | 0 - 7 | 0 β 14 |
Light | 10 β 13 | 8 β 9 | 15 β 18 |
Fit | 14 β 20 | 10 - 14 | 19 β 25 |
Heavy | 21 β 27 | 15 - 19 | 26 β 33 |
Very heavy | β₯28 | β₯20 | β₯34 |
Maybe you are interested!
-
Management Methods, Organization Forms of Tcm Activities Based on "Lesson Research" Approach -
Practical Research Results on Event Organization Skills of Tourism Students -
The Thesis Uses Some Of The Following Research Methods -
Assessment of Project Organization and Management Methods -
Current Status and Research Methods of Cracked Basement Rock
(*) This table is classified based on unstandardized foreign research on the Vietnamese population (Vietnamese table from source: Central Institute of Mental Health) [ 25].
The possible range or range of the groups falls within the amplitude of the above intervals.
2.5.2. Research steps.
- Pre-test the questionnaire with 20 students.
- Correct unclear questions or questions with multiple meanings in each question.
2.5.3. Data discrepancy control.
2.5.3.1. Control of information discrepancies.
- Each student has 10-15 minutes to answer the questions on the form.
- Variables are clearly defined.
- Surveyors are trained.
2.5.3.2. Control of selection bias.
Questions measuring the reliability of the answer sheet. A total of 4 or more points will result in the rejection of the answer sheet.
Plus 1 point: When you promise to do something, do you always keep your promise (regardless of whether it is convenient for you to cheat on the promise or not)? Are all your habits good and in line with your wishes? If you were not checked, would you buy a train or bus ticket?
Minus 1 point: Do you sometimes get angry? Do you have thoughts that you want to hide from others? Do you sometimes make up stories? Are you ever late to appointments, or to school, or to work? Are there people you know that you openly dislike? Do you often talk about things that you don't fully understand?
2.6. DATA PROCESSING - DATA ANALYSIS.
2.6.1. Data entry.
By epidata 3.1 (free version at: http://fphhcm.edu.vn/elearning/index.php ).
2.6.2. Processing.
Applied statistics software R version R.2.13.2 http://www.r-project.org/ [22], [23].
On windows address http://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/ .
Packages: psych, epicalc, Hmisc were used in this study.
2.6.3. Data analysis.
Calculate percentages for qualitative (nominal) variables. Use the chi-square test for these variables.
Calculate the mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables. Use t-test and anova for quantitative variables with homogeneous variance (sdtest variance test).
If the distribution is not normal use poisson regression, bootstrap.
Calculate the association using the probability ratio (PR) for nominal, quantitative, or ordinal variables, or Poisson regression for non-normally distributed quantitative variables [15].
Use multivariate correlation coefficient test. Statistical significance level 95%, β =0.05 [4].
Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient test for DASS-42 scale.
2.7. LIST AND DEFINITION OF VARIABLES.
2.7.1. Background variables.
- Gender: is a binary variable, consisting of 2 values: male or female.
- Faculty: nominal variable, including 5 values: Nursing-Medical Technology, Pharmacy, Medicine, Traditional Medicine, Public Health.
- Number of years of study of the student: is a nominal variable with 2 values: year 1, year 3.
- Ethnicity : is a nominal variable, including 3 values: Kinh, Hoa, Khmer, Other.
- Religion: is a nominal variable, including 2 values: None, Buddhism, Christianity, Other.
- Current residence : is a nominal variable with 6 values: Boarding house/room, Dormitory, Private house, Parents' house, Staying with relatives/clan, Other.
- Number of people: is a continuous variable with positive integer values.
- Usually use means of transportation to school every day: is a nominal variable, including 6 values: Bus, Motorbike, Bicycle, Walking, Car (automobile), other.
- Working to earn money: is a binary variable with 2 values: yes or no.
- Main purpose of using earned money: is a nominal variable with 4 values: Help family, Get money for school, Spend, Other.
- Information from source: is a multiple-choice nominal variable with values: TV
/radio, Internet (computer room for rent), Laptop, Mobile phone, Wifi (public, coffee), Media from "event organizer", Newspaper (youth, women, health,.......), Specialized scientific magazine, Blog/web, Foreign library.
- Use of psychological counseling services : dichotomous variable including yes or no.
- Place of examination, consultation, support, services,... related to mental health: is a binary variable with 2 values: yes or no.
- Currently, are you smoking ( such as cigarettes, cigars, pipes or tobacco): is a binary variable with 2 values ββyes or no.
- Currently, Do you have wine/beer (including fruit wine): is a binary variable with 2 values ββyes or no.
- Time spent reading reference books per day, per week: is a quantitative variable in hours.
- Time you listen to music, watch movies in a day: is a quantitative variable in minutes.
- Work and study plan: is a nominal variable with 4 values: Week, month, year, None.
- Have you heard of or directly participated in the Mental Health topic: is a binary variable with 2 values: yes or no.
- Attitude towards living together before marriage: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree.
- Attitude towards premarital sex: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree.
- Attitude towards divorce/Divorce: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree.
2.7.2. Prognostic variables.
- Anxiety includes sentences: 1, 3, 24, 5, 6, 26, 27, 8, 29, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 16, 17, 18, 37, 38, 39, 21, 42: are recorded with scores of 0, 1, 2, 3, each question has four response levels, corresponding to scores of 0, 1, 2, 3. Are quantitative variables ( Not true for me at all, True for me somewhat, or sometimes true, True for me mostly, or most of the time true, Completely true for me, or most of the time true).
- Depression includes questions 1, 22, 2, 23, 4, 25, 6, 27, 7, 28, 8, 29, 9, 30, 11, 12, 32, 33, 14, 15,
35, 36, 18, 19, 20, 39, 40, 41. Is a quantitative variable with 4 values: Not true of me at all, True of me somewhat, or sometimes true, True of me mostly, or most of the time true, Completely true of me, or most of the time true.
- Stress includes sentences 2, 3, 4, 5, 23, 24, 25, 26, 7, 28, 9, 10, 30, 31, 13, 34, 15,16,17, 36,
37, 38, 19, 20, 21, 40, 41, 42. Is a quantitative variable with 4 values: Not true for me at all, True for me somewhat, or sometimes true, True for me mostly, or most of the time true, Completely true for me, or most of the time true.
2.7.3. Truthfulness test sentences .
As nominal variables, there are two values: agree and disagree.
- When you promise to do something, do you always keep your promise (regardless of whether the promise is favorable to you or not)?
- Are all your habits good and in line with your wishes?
- If you are not checked, will you buy a train or bus ticket?
- Do you sometimes get angry?
- Do you often have thoughts that you want to hide from others?
- Sometimes you make up stories, don't you?
- Have you ever been late for an appointment, or to school, or to work?
- Among the people you know, there are people you don't openly like, right?
- Do you often talk about things you don't fully understand?
2.7.4. The hope variable consists of 11 items [ 18].
- I can think of many ways to get out of difficult situations.
- I am very determined to pursue my goals.
- I feel tired almost all the time.
- I think any field has many sides.
- I get angry easily in arguments.
- I can find many ways to achieve things that are important to me.
- I am worried about my health.
- Even when I don't get encouragement/support from others, I still find a way to solve it.
- My past experiences have prepared me well for my future.
- I have had some success in life.
- I often feel worried about something.
- I achieved the goals I set for myself.
As quantitative variables: Completely true, Mostly true, Sometimes true, Only a little true, Only a little not true, Sometimes not true, Mostly not true, Not at all true.
2.8. ETHICS IN RESEARCH.
- Approved by the scientific council of the Faculty of Psychology and Education.
- Anonymous survey.
- Contribute to health and medical policies for students.
- Provide recommendations to reduce the rate of Anxiety, Depression, and Stress disorders in students and increase intervention of related factors.