Research on sustainable tourism development in Ha Long Bay area

formulated at the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) conference known as the Brundtland Commission in 1987.

In Brudtlant's definition: "Sustainable development is understood as economic development activities that meet the needs of the present generation without harming the ability to meet the needs of future generations." However, the main content of this issue revolves around economic issues.

Another definition of sustainable development is mentioned more generally by scientists around the world: "Sustainable development is human development activities aimed at developing and maintaining community responsibility for the history of formation and perfection of life on earth".

Although there are still many debates surrounding the concept of sustainable development from different perspectives, it can be seen that until now the concept proposed by the World Commission on Environment and Development WCED in 1987 has been widely used as a standard for comparing responsible development activities towards the human environment.

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According to the viewpoint of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1980, "Sustainable development must consider the current state of exploitation of renewable and non-renewable resources, the favorable conditions as well as the difficulties in organizing short-term and long-term action plans intertwined". This affirms that the socio-economic development goals of most countries in the world must be determined in a sustainable relationship.

At the Global Environment Conference RIO – 92 and RIO – 92+5, the concept of sustainable development was supplemented by scientists, according to which: "Sustainable development is formed in the integration, interweaving and compromise of 3 interactive systems: natural system, economic system and cultural-social system".

Chart 1: Concept of sustainable development.

Social system

Sustainable Development

Economic system

Natural system

According to Pham Trung Luong [3], under this sustainable development perspective, Jacobs and Sadler (1992) believe that sustainable development is the result of interaction and interdependence of the three systems mentioned above, and at the same time, sustainable development does not allow humans to prioritize the development of one system and cause degradation and destruction to another system, or more specifically, sustainable development is the reconciliation of interactions and compromises between the three systems mentioned above to come up with solutions.

Narrower goals for sustainable development include:

- Enhance effective community participation in political decisions in the development process of society.

- Create possibilities to promote economic growth without degrading resources through the application of new achievements in science and technology.

- Resolve social conflicts caused by unfair development.

In Vietnam, the theory of sustainable development has also been studied by scientists and theorists recently on the basis of absorbing research results on international theory and experience on sustainable development, comparing with specific circumstances in Vietnam.

Directive No. 36/CT of the Politburo of the Party Central Committee dated June 25, 1998 identified the goals and basic viewpoints for sustainable development based mainly on environmental protection activities. At the same time, the "political report" at the 8th Party Congress (1996) also officially mentioned the aspect of protecting the ecological environment and rationally using resources as an inseparable component of sustainable development. [5]

1.1.2 Sustainable tourism development (DLBV)

The concept of sustainable tourism development is inseparable from the concept of sustainable development. Since the 1980s, when the issues of sustainable development were mentioned and research was conducted, many scientific studies were conducted to present the aspects of tourism's impact related to sustainable development.

From another perspective, it is easy to see that tourism is a comprehensive economic sector with a resource orientation, including natural resources and human resources, clearly and the development of tourism is closely linked to the environment. Therefore, the development of tourism itself requires the general sustainable development of society and vice versa.

Since the early 1990s, scientists around the world have mentioned that tourism development with purely economic purposes is threatening to destroy the ecological environment and indigenous cultures. The consequences of these impacts will in turn affect the long-term development of the tourism industry. Therefore, there has been a need to study "sustainable tourism development" to limit the negative impacts of tourism activities to ensure long-term development. Some types of tourism have initially paid attention to environmental aspects and have begun to

The head appears as:

Ecotourism

Nature-based tourism Discovery tourism

Adventure travel…

Currently, in the process of unifying perceptions and concepts of sustainable tourism development, there are still disagreements, especially between the views that sustainable tourism development needs to ensure the main principle of preserving resources, environment and culture, and the view that the top principle of sustainable tourism development is economic growth brought about by tourism.

From an economic perspective, where the main concern for tourism development is profit, “Sustainable tourism is a tourism activity that can maintain development for an unspecified period of time”. However, this concept has been criticized by many scientists, especially environmental and resource researchers.

Most people believe that sustainable tourism is understood as: "The exploitation of natural and cultural environments to satisfy the diverse needs of tourists, with attention to long-term economic benefits, while continuing to maintain contributions to environmental protection and contributing to improving the living standards of local communities".

According to the definition of the World Tourism Organization (WTO) presented at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992: "Sustainable tourism is the development of tourism activities to meet the current needs of tourists and local people while still paying attention to the conservation and restoration of resources for the development of tourism activities in the future. Sustainable tourism will have a plan to manage resources to satisfy the economic, social and aesthetic needs of people while still maintaining cultural integrity and biodiversity.

learning, the development of ecosystems and systems that support human life”.

Thus, sustainable tourism development can be considered a branch of sustainable development as defined by the World Commission on Environment in 1987. Sustainable tourism development activities are development activities in a specific area so that the content, form, and scale are appropriate and sustainable over time, do not degrade the environment, and do not affect the ability to support other development activities. On the contrary, the sustainability of tourism development activities is built on the foundation of the success in the development of other sectors and the overall sustainable development of the area.

The focus of sustainable tourism development is to strive for a balance between economic, social, and environmental protection goals, while enhancing the satisfaction of increasingly diverse and demanding needs of tourists. This balance may change over time, as social norms, environmental conditions, and technological developments change. However, the approach to ensuring sustainable tourism development must be based on a balance of environmental resources with a unified plan.

DLBV in Vietnam is a new concept. However, through lessons and practical experiences in tourism development in many countries in the region and around the world, awareness of a method of tourism development that is responsible for the environment, has an educational effect, and raises awareness for the community has appeared in Vietnam in the form of sightseeing, learning, and research tourism... with the names of eco-tourism, nature tourism...

Although there are still some inconsistent views on the concept of sustainable tourism development, up to now, the majority of experts in the field of tourism and other related fields in Vietnam agree that: "Sustainable tourism development is the managed exploitation of natural and human values to satisfy the diverse needs of tourists,

concerned with long-term economic benefits while ensuring contributions to the conservation and restoration of resources, maintaining cultural integrity for future tourism development; for environmental protection and contributing to improving the living standards of local communities”. [5]

1.1.3 Goals of sustainable tourism development:

- Sustainable economic development: Tourism is an economic sector, so sustainable tourism development needs to be economically sustainable, income must be greater than costs, must achieve high and stable growth over a long period of time, optimize the contribution of the tourism sector to national income, and contribute to promoting the development of other economic sectors.

- Sustainable environmental development: Must use and protect tourism resources and environment in an economical and sustainable manner, ensure the regeneration and restoration of resources, improve the quality of resources and environment, attract communities and tourists to participate in activities to preserve and enhance resources.

- Sustainable social development: Attracting the community to participate in tourism activities, creating many jobs, contributing to improving the quality of life of local communities, improving social equity, diversifying and improving the quality of tourism products, highly meeting the needs of tourists.

Thus, planners in the tourism planning process need to consider meeting the sustainable tourism development goals of the planned territorial systems.

To achieve sustainable tourism development, the process of tourism development and tourism planning must be carried out with principles. [8]

1.1.4 Principles of sustainable tourism development:

- Using resources sustainably: The conservation and sustainable use of natural, cultural and social resources is essential, it helps businesses develop in the long term. Tourism is an economic sector with a clear resource orientation. Tourism resources are considered the most important tourism product, the purpose of the tourist's trip. But many types of resources

Tourism resources cannot be renewed, recycled or replaced. Tourism activities have brought about many benefits, but also caused many negative impacts such as: depletion and degradation of resources and environment... Therefore, in the process of planning tourism development projects, it is necessary to develop methods and strategies to preserve, embellish and exploit tourism resources in a cost-effective and reasonable manner to leave for future generations a resource like the current generation enjoys.

- Maintaining diversity: Maintaining and enhancing the diversity of nature, culture and society is extremely important for long-term sustainable tourism; it is the basis for the existence and development of the tourism industry. In the process of building and implementing tourism planning projects, as well as tourism development due to many different reasons, it is easy to lose the diversity of nature, culture and society. Therefore, in the process of tourism planning, it is necessary to build and implement methods and strategies to maintain and preserve the diversity of nature, culture and society.

- Reduce overconsumption and waste: Overconsumption of natural resources and other resources not only leads to environmental destruction and resource depletion, but also does not ensure resources for the long-term development of the tourism industry. Waste from passenger transport vehicles, detergents, cooking oil, wastewater from laundry and cooking services, along with other waste from services for tourists and tourists. If they are not collected and treated according to technical requirements, or recycled, they will cause environmental pollution.

Therefore, proper planning for tourism development right from the project establishment must assess the impact of tourism activities on environmental resources, thereby planning effective preventive measures to reduce over-consumption of resources and reduce the amount of waste discharged into the environment.

- Integrating tourism planning into the socio-economic development planning process: Tourism is an interdisciplinary economic sector, it has a relationship

closely interact with many socio-economic sectors. The tourism industry brings direct and indirect effects to socio-economic sectors. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate tourism development into the framework of local and national strategic planning. Tourism development planning is a part of socio-economic planning, it increases the ability to survive and develop long-term of the tourism industry.

- Support local economy: Resources used by the tourism industry that are owned by local people such as roads, electricity, water, waste treatment systems, communications, etc. may not only serve the tourism industry but still promote tourism development. Tourism activities on the one hand bring positive effects to the local socio-economy, on the other hand also leave negative consequences for environmental resources and local socio-economy. Therefore, the tourism industry has the responsibility to contribute a part of its income to local economic development. In the process of planning solutions and policies when planning tourism, it is necessary to take into account the contribution of tourism income to the local and national economy.

- Attracting the participation of local communities: the participation of local communities in tourism not only benefits them and the environment; but also contributes to maintaining and developing tourism, diversifying and improving the quality of tourism products, creating attraction for tourists.

Local participation is essential to tourism. Local people, culture, environment, lifestyle and traditions are important factors in attracting tourists to a destination. Genuine community participation can enrich the tourism experience and product. When communities are involved in the planning and direction of tourism development, they can become active partners, create a sense of accountability and responsibility towards the environment. Local community participation in tourism can help them alleviate poverty, contribute to foreign exchange earnings, benefit both local communities and tourists, and enhance

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