- Wind: In summer there is southeast wind, in winter there is north and northeast wind, Lao wind appears in April and May.
3.1.3.2. Hydrology.
With the characteristics of the project area being located in the Hoa Binh Lake basin, the hydrological regime is closely linked to the hydrological regime of Hoa Binh Lake. Hoa Binh Lake is located in Hoa Binh province, about 85 km long, the widest part of the lake is 6 km (Hien Luong commune), the narrowest part is 400 m (Dong Ruong commune). The average annual water flow is 1,460 m3/s, the highest is 6,540 m3 / s, the lowest is 580 m3 / s, which is very convenient for water transportation. With the characteristics of the lake is to maintain the water source for the Hydroelectric plant; storing water in the dry season, releasing flood in the rainy season, the large lake surface area of over 9,000 ha greatly affects the microclimate of the area, the groundwater level is raised, the air humidity is high (80% in the rainy season).
Due to the complex topography of the area, in addition to the river system of the Da River Lake, this area also has a dense stream system flowing into the lake such as Nhap stream in Dong Chum commune, Nanh stream in Suoi Nanh commune, Cua Chong stream in Dong Ruong commune, Vay stream in Vay Nua commune, Oi Noi stream in Tien Phong commune, Cham stream in Tan Minh commune, So stream in Trung Thanh commune, Xia stream, Mun stream, Bai Sang stream in Mai Chau district...
In general, the stream system is distributed relatively evenly throughout the area, but due to the steep slope, the ability to store water to supply water for daily life and production is very difficult, and there is no ability to transport water, when heavy rain often causes sudden floods.
The characteristics of hydro-climate have greatly affected the socio-economic life of the region, especially in agricultural and forestry production activities (due to climate changes by season and region).
- Groundwater: relatively shallow, usually 3-5m deep.
3.1.4. Geology and soil
3.1.4.1. Geology
The Hoa Binh hydroelectric reservoir area is located on a large area stretching over 80 km of complex terrain, so the soil characteristics are also not uniform. In general, the soil of the area is formed on parent rocks mainly limestone, sandstone, schist, neutral and acidic igneous rocks.
3.1.4.2. Soil.
The Da River Lake area has the following main soil types:
- Yellow Feralitic soil group develops on fine-grained shale, with a layer thickness of over 130 cm.
- Brown and dark brown Feralitic soil group develops on fine-grained limestone, with a layer thickness of over 120 cm.
- Yellow Feralitic soil group develops on coarse-grained sandstone. Thick layer over 80 cm.
- Reddish brown Feralitic soil group develops on neutral, acidic igneous rocks.
- Feralit soil transformed by rice cultivation.
In general, the soil types in the Da River reservoir area have mechanical composition from light loam to heavy loam with an average thickness of 50 - 130 cm, suitable for many types of agricultural and forestry crops. Agricultural land is mostly hilly land, mixed with some flat land; some places with small flat land areas have been used by people to grow rice and produce crops. Because the previously cultivated land was completely flooded, people can only cultivate mainly on sloping land and hilly land, in which the area of protective forest land is very important and important for Hoa Binh hydroelectric reservoir accounts for a large proportion. Therefore, the area of land for growing agricultural crops in the basin is very small.
3.2. Socio-economic characteristics
3.2.1. Population and labor
- Population: The population of communes in the planning area of Hoa Binh Lake National Tourist Area (Table 3.1.) is 20,310 people. Population density is 186 people/km2. Natural population growth rate is 1.17%.
Table 3.1: Population of communes in the planning area of Hoa Binh Lake National Tourist Area
TT
Commune | Population | |
1 | Thai Thinh Commune | 1,171 |
2 | Thung Nai Commune | 1,986 |
3 | Binh Thanh Commune | 2,502 |
4 | Suoi Hoa Commune | 3,814 |
5 | Son Thuy Commune | 4,168 |
6 | Vay Nua Commune | 2,559 |
7 | Hien Luong Commune | 1,799 |
8 | Tien Phong Commune | 2.311 |
Total | 20,310 |
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(Source: Results of the 2019 Hoa Binh Province Population and Housing Census)
- Ethnic groups: The main ethnic groups are Muong (82%); Tay (5%); Dao (4%); Kinh (3%) and other ethnic groups (6%).
- The labor force in the project communes is relatively young, with 26,656 people of working age, accounting for 38.2% of the population.
3.2.2. Economy
Currently, over 90% of the population of communes in the basin of Hoa Binh hydroelectric reservoir mainly live on developing agricultural - forestry - fishery production. The hamlets along the lake with few fields earn income from forestry mainly through afforestation, care and protection of protective forests combined with aquatic exploitation; some hamlets have conditions such as boat docks and tourist spots with better income thanks to service business (Thai Thinh commune - Hoa Binh city; Thung Nai commune, Binh Thanh commune - Cao Phong district; Vay Nua, Hien Luong, Tien Phong commune - Da Bac district, Suoi Hoa commune
- Tan Lac district....); the remaining households do agriculture (swidden farming, fishing, aquaculture...). The hamlets far from the lake have a lot of open space with the main income being agricultural production, accounting for 80% (including: rice, corn, cassava, tea,
sugarcane.... and combined with livestock farming). In these places, people's lives are better, average income is higher and more stable, and some service industries and small-scale handicrafts have begun to form, but the production scale is small, output is low, and development is slow.
The main reason is about customs, awareness of capital, techniques... The transportation system is still weak and inadequate, so it has not created conditions for people to exploit the potential strengths of land, forest resources and benefits from Hoa Binh Lake. Although there have been efforts from all levels, sectors and efforts to overcome difficulties of the people to develop the economy. But the material and spiritual life of the people in the basin of Hoa Binh hydroelectric reservoir in particular and the people in the region in general is still very difficult, unstable, the risk of falling back into poverty is very high.
3.2.3. Infrastructure system
Over the past years, the communes in the Hoa Binh hydropower reservoir basin have received investment from the State to build and upgrade the infrastructure system. Up to now, the essential infrastructure system has been built and promoted effectively to serve the production and life of the people. However, due to the increasing demand, the limited annual investment, the small scale, and scattered... up to now, many projects have been degraded and severely damaged, and are being initially invested in for repair... The rural infrastructure system (Electricity, roads, schools, medical stations...) has been built to reach about 70 - 80% of the demand, of which about 30 - 40% meet the requirements of scale and long-term stability.
- Road system: There is an inter-commune road system. All communes in the region have roads to the commune center, some of which have asphalt roads and relatively stable road surfaces. The road system from the commune to the hamlet, inter-village roads are upgraded and newly opened regularly through project programs such as Project 135, poverty reduction project, population stabilization project and economic development of the Da River lake area..., but this road system is still often eroded.
Landslides caused by floods and rains make it difficult for people to travel and transport goods.
- Waterway system: There is about 85 km of Da River flowing through, convenient for waterway traffic in the project construction area.
3.2.4. Social culture
3.2.4.1. Medical
All communes in the region have commune health stations, but most of the medical examination and treatment equipment is old and outdated, so they can only provide first aid and treatment for common illnesses. Serious cases must be transferred to higher levels.
3.2.4.2. Education
With funds from programs and projects, new schools and classrooms have been invested in and built, with enough classrooms to meet the needs of children in the communes. However, some commune schools have been degraded and need to be repaired and upgraded to ensure learning conditions.
3.2.5. General assessment of economic and social conditions.
3.2.5.1. Advantages
- The State's open and popular agricultural and forestry development policy mechanism has created opportunities for people to proactively organize production and business.
- With the attention and direction of local Party Committees and authorities, the people unanimously responded to the implementation of the cause of socio-economic development.
- Hoa Binh Lake is very convenient for traffic and transportation by water; has great potential for land and labor; has forests and forest land suitable for many different types of forestry crops, favorable weather and climate suitable for many types of crops, so there are conditions for socio-economic development.
- Large water surface area for aquaculture development.
- Potential for tourism, eco-tourism, lake tourism and spirituality in the great lake area.
- Communes in the Hoa Binh hydropower reservoir basin enjoy the forest environmental service payment policy according to Decree 99/CP of the Government.
3.2.5.2. Difficulties
- Commodity production is not yet developed. People's lives still face many difficulties, the ability to mobilize investment capital for production is limited.
- Communes in the Hoa Binh hydropower reservoir area have large forest land areas, however, forestry production and business have not been properly invested. The application of scientific and technological advances in agricultural and forestry production and the level of forest intensive cultivation are still limited. Production, processing of forest products and forestry services are small-scale, mainly selling raw products, causing waste of raw materials; the value of planted forest wood products is low, contributing little to local economic development.
- Households and other organizations lack capital to invest in production and business.
- The traffic system is weak, degraded, and has not received proper investment.
- Investment in human resource training and development, infrastructure investment... is still low compared to the general development needs of society.
- The people's farming practices are mostly extensive, the income of the communes mainly depends on agricultural and forestry products with low productivity and profit. The people's lives in the region still have many difficulties.
3.3. Biological Resources
Hoa Binh hydroelectric lake area has relatively diverse and rich biological resources with conservation value.
Because it is located in a warm tropical region, adjacent to Pu Canh Nature Reserve, the Hoa Binh hydroelectric lake area has relatively diverse and rich biological resources, with high economic value, including some rare species listed in the Vietnam Red Book. The core area focusing on developing the National Tourist Area is 1,200 hectares (excluding water surface area), the entire Hoa Binh hydroelectric lake area has a forest area under the management of the Da River Protection Forest Management Board with a forest cover of over 60%.
In the forest in the Hoa Binh hydroelectric lake area and neighboring areas, there are still many rare and precious wood species such as: Sen, Lim, Tau, Cho Chi, Cho Nau, Po Mu, Nghien, Lat... In addition, there are also bamboo, rattan, bamboo, buong, song, rattan... Along with that, there are many precious medicinal plants in the forest, with about 100 types of medicinal plants such as: Ha Thu O, Sam, Que, Sa Nhan, Ngu Gia Bi, blood-enriching plants such as Giao Co Lam, Cam Thao, Tam That... scatteredly distributed.
In addition to the natural forest and planted forest, the Hoa Binh hydroelectric reservoir area is also adjacent to the Pu Canh Nature Reserve. The resources are rich and diverse, with many animal species listed in the Vietnam Red Book, especially at the critically endangered (CR) or endangered (E) level such as: Serow ( Naemorhedus sumatraensis ), Moon bear ( Ursus thibetanus ), Golden monkey ( Manaca mulatta ), Red-faced monkey ( Manaca arctoides ), Little slow loris ( N. pygmaeus ), Cobra ( Naja atra), King cobra ( Ophiophagus hannah ), Banded krait ( Bungarus fasciatus ), Ptyas korros , Northern krait ( Bungarus multicinctus ), Three-striped box turtle ( Cuora trifasciata ), Golden-fronted box turtle ( Cuora galbinifrons ), Deer ( C.unicolor ).
3.4. Forest protection and development work
3.4.1. Forestry production activities.
3.4.1.1. Organization of management and business production.
a) Forestry management organization.
- District level: There is the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, which is the unit advising the District People's Committee on State management of the fields of Agriculture - Forestry - Fisheries and production of other industries; The Forest Protection Department is the agency performing the function of State management of the Law on Forest Protection and Development.
- Commune level: There are no officials in charge of forestry, only part-time positions, most of whom are not specialized in professional work, thus affecting the organization of forestry production in the locality.
b) Production and business organization.
Currently, the communes in the region are assigned by the Provincial People's Committee and the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development to the Song Da Protective Forest Management Board to manage and organize the implementation of investment projects on forest protection and development in the Hoa Binh hydroelectric reservoir basin.
In addition, there are a number of private enterprises and LLCs that have joint ventures with forest owners to produce forestry in the area on a small scale.
3.3.1.2. Results of forestry production activities.
In recent years, with the support capital from the State budget, the people's own capital and other capital sources in the communes in the basin of Hoa Binh hydroelectric reservoir, 53,816.0 ha of natural forest, 17,253.0 ha of planted forest have been protected; 4,518.6 ha of protective and concentrated production forests have been newly planted and cared for. The forest has average growth, with forest cover reaching over 60%.
3.3.1.3. Forestry projects in the area.
There are a number of forestry projects in operation in the area, specifically:
- Project 3352, project 327, project 661, project 147, project 747 .....
- The project of planting 5 million hectares of new forests, implemented from 1999 to present, has been carried out in 45 communes in the Song Da lake area with protective forest land.
- The project to support production forest planting was implemented from 2007 to 2015 in communes with production forest land. The project has been implemented in all communes in the Hoa Binh hydroelectric reservoir basin since 1995 until now.
3.3.1.4. Wood and forest products processing activities.
Currently, in the communes of the Song Da reservoir area, there are no large and medium-scale forest product processing facilities, only small-scale family-scale forest product processing workshops. The main products are construction wood and household wooden furniture. The amount of forest products exploited annually is mainly supplied to markets outside the project area.