Perfecting state management of urban tourism infrastructure in Vietnam

Different cities have different population sizes, natural areas, climates, resources, land, and economic growth rates, so the infrastructure characteristics are different, so the State management of each city must be appropriate. The level, scale, and quality of infrastructure, high or low, all have an impact on good or bad State management. Good State management in the field of infrastructure means that the city develops quickly, strongly, and sustainably. The management of coastal tourism cities is different from that of cultural and historical tourism cities, from the planning stage to the management of construction investment. Practice shows that countries or cities with developed economies and high growth have high urbanization rates. For example, in the UK, France, Japan, and the US, the urbanization rate is 75%, while in Laos, Cambodia, and Indonesia, the urbanization rate is 22%. The problem is to improve State management to suit the socio-economic development situation of each urban area, contributing to the development of that urban area's infrastructure.

1.2.4.3. International factor group

Science and technology are developing rapidly and are becoming more modern, along with globalization and increasingly deep international economic integration, promoting the socio-economic development of the country in general and of the tourist city in particular.

Firstly, the development of modern science and technology revolution has strongly impacted economic development in general and infrastructure sector in particular.

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Currently, the impact of this revolution has made the productive forces have a qualitative leap forward, giving rise to many new technological industries, notably nuclear energy technology, new material technology, information technology, biotechnology, in which information technology plays a leading role. The emergence of many new technological and material industries raises the issue of exchange and transfer between countries. For example, replacing burnt bricks with unburnt bricks, reinforced concrete is replaced by lightweight concrete (foam concrete, additives, polymers). Wastewater treatment by biological lakes is replaced by high-tech anti-pollution treatment stations, 3D-panel roofing sheets... The above contents and characteristics of the scientific and technological revolution have impacted the construction of infrastructure in tourist cities in the direction of applicability, cost reduction, cost savings and environmental protection. The development of science and technology creates new products such as hydrofoils carrying

Passengers, high-speed trains, buses, computers, etc., require infrastructure to develop in a compatible manner. Practical experience in State management of infrastructure shows that any country that is early to recognize and take into account this impact will soon adjust and innovate its strategies, laws, policies and appropriate economic mechanisms and that country will soon have modern, synchronous and effective infrastructure development. On the contrary, any country that does not apply new technology early and does not soon improve State management in the field of infrastructure will have to accept a weak, outdated and unsynchronized infrastructure system. Therefore, improving State management in the field of infrastructure in the context of scientific and technological development will pave the way to create a strong driving force for infrastructure development.

Second, globalization and international economic integration

- To create opportunities to promote Vietnam's participation in integration, it is necessary to quickly perfect the market economic institution, adjust the legal system, policies and mechanisms to be both consistent with the socialist orientation and consistent with international practices and create strong competitiveness for the economy. Therefore, it is necessary to perfect State management of the economy, including the infrastructure sector. Tourist cities welcome tens of thousands of international visitors every day, so the infrastructure must be modern, synchronous and convenient. In tourist cities, access to advanced science and technology, foreign languages and management experience is very convenient, so it is necessary to strengthen the improvement of State management in the infrastructure sector.

- International economic integration creates favorable conditions for countries, especially developing countries, to attract more and more direct investment capital, attract labor transfer and cooperate in modern scientific and technological research. Although urban infrastructure is managed by localities, it is global in nature, because to develop infrastructure, it is necessary to rely on the financial market, the financial market is global, the flow of investment capital, equipment, technology, and people will rotate from one country to another. Obviously, globalization and international economic integration have rapidly increased import and export turnover, expanded the market for goods, services, tourism, financial and monetary services and labor, attracted FDI and ODA capital, especially

ODA contributes to accumulating capital for industrialization and modernization and solving capital difficulties for investment in construction and state management in the field of infrastructure in countries, including domestic tourist cities.

- International economic integration changes thinking (ways of thinking) and actions (ways of doing) through the division of labor, cooperation in production and international trade in services that are promoted in both breadth and depth, creating common interests among countries, increasing the binding of various types of treaties and regional and international commitments according to the spontaneous law of the market economy taking place internationally. On the other hand, globalization and international economic integration take place in conditions where the strengths belong to countries with developed economies, so the distribution of benefits among countries will follow the law of "water flows to low places" which is beneficial for developed countries and disadvantageous for developing countries, especially poor countries, including Vietnam. Especially when our country is a member of the WTO, it affects the field of infrastructure construction and state management in the field of infrastructure.

1.3. EXPERIENCE IN IMPROVING STATE MANAGEMENT OF URBAN TOURIST INFRASTRUCTURE OF SOME COUNTRIES

1.3.1. Overview of experience in perfecting state management of urban tourism infrastructure of some countries

1.3.1.1. Singapore's experience

Singapore is a country of only 682 km2 with a population of about 4.4 million people. This is a country of many ethnic groups. Singapore gained independence in 1965 and the Singaporeans initially built the country in extremely difficult conditions. Even fresh water for daily use had to be purchased regularly from Malaysia. There was no agricultural production, so food and food consumed domestically had to be imported from abroad. Nature did not favor it at all, but over the past decades this country has developed strongly, especially economically. In the 80s, the average economic growth was 7.4%, in the 90s, the average growth was 7.7%, and in 2000, it grew 9.9%. Per capita income is among the highest income countries in Asia, with an average of over 100% in the 90s and now over 100%.

25,000 USD per person/year. Singapore has become one of the attractive destinations on the world map. In particular, Singapore is a country where people's awareness of law observance is very high.

Singapore is a country with modern technical infrastructure, with the highest rate of concretization, but the Government has advocated planting trees, creating landscapes and environments, turning Singapore into a country of shady nature, effectively serving development and attracting tourism. It can be seen that behind those forests, shady trees and green lawns are countless benefits that cannot be measured in money or material. The infrastructure system in Singapore was mostly built according to the plan right after independence. Tens of billions of dollars earned each year from tourism and the increasing number of tourists from all over the world coming here give Singaporeans money to invest, especially in the transportation system, roads, ports, airports, electricity systems, water supply and drainage systems, supermarket systems, even in hotels there are supermarkets - shopping centers. Notably, the subway system (about 40 km long) was built and operated daily, making it very convenient for people and tourists to travel. Under the roads leading to the subway pick-up and drop-off points is like a miniature society, some places are designed several dozen meters underground . Thanks to the modern road system, overpasses, subway system, international seaports, and international airports that have been invested in and built in a modern and safe way, Singapore has basically solved the traffic problem. Buses, cars and trucks completely replace personal vehicles such as motorbikes and bicycles; combined with the high awareness of people when participating in traffic, on the streets and avenues, vehicles travel at very fast speeds without any accidents. On the streets, signs clearly indicate where to park and pick up passengers; Lane markings and digital street lights everywhere, showing orderliness, neatness but very modern, forcing everyone to obey traffic laws.

The reason why Singapore has a civilized, modern and "environmentally friendly" urban landscape like today is first of all thanks to the 1/5,000 master plan that has been in place for a long time.

early (1971) and has been implemented until now. Urban planning is described by models (description of architecture, height, building color, roads, beltways, railways, social security works...) accurately to every detail. In special cases, new projects can adjust the planning according to the investor's requirements, but on the condition that infrastructure connection must be ensured according to the general planning and strictly reviewed by specialized agencies under the Government. The planning is rarely adjusted. If there is a difference in benefits after adjusting the planning, the state will regulate 70%, and the investor will enjoy the remaining 30%. Constructions near rivers, lakes, seas, parks, and squares are all low-rise, while constructions far away are high-rise, arranged interwoven to make all constructions see the river landscape and large space.

Singapore's master plan is divided into high-rise (over 10 floors), medium-rise (3-10 floors) and low-rise (1-2 floors) buildings, and takes into account the preservation of ancient architecture as well as the cultural identity of the four ethnic groups (indigenous, Chinese, Malaysian and Indian). The master plan shows the connection of infrastructure (clean water, drainage, wastewater treatment, electricity, telephone, etc.) invested by the State.

Because of its focus on developing clean industries, Singapore builds satellite urban areas around industrial zones following the motto “live - work - play”. The purpose is to reduce travel costs, save on living expenses and solve local labor problems.

Singapore currently has 300 parks with 9,000 hectares and planted with mostly tropical and semi-tropical plants. The idea of developing Singapore into a "garden city" was formed in the 1960s, associated with the general planning idea of developing Singapore towards becoming a clean city with the motto "Singapore is our garden". Social housing is a home for all citizens made by the state for people to buy in installments with 20% of the buyer's monthly income.

Singapore strives to connect parks by 2015 with paths within the parks, combined with planting trees on buildings (rooftop parks). Each street is designed for each type of tree, with height controlled and pruned to create a suitable shape. In the parks, trees are created into natural forests. Kinh

The annual cost of tree maintenance in Singapore is about 100 million Singapore dollars. Singapore has successfully attracted FDI to develop the country's economy thanks to its modern technical infrastructure, building a favorable investment environment, open foreign investment attraction policies, policies that do not stipulate the level of share ownership, the rate of localization and training of domestic human resources to replace foreign employees, no foreign exchange control, no inspection of technology transfer activities, strengthening intellectual property protection, enhancing domestic technological capacity, consolidating human resources, creating a stable macroeconomic environment.

1.3.1.2. Malaysia's experience

Malaysia is a federation with an area of 329,800,000 km2 and a population of about 20 million people, consisting of 13 states, divided into 2 regions: East and West. Since gaining independence, Malaysia has had 40 years of economic development. Implementing the strategy of modernizing the country and integrating internationally, in 1968 Malaysia announced the foreign investment law. According to this law, Malaysia guarantees investors many important provisions such as commitment not to nationalize, freedom to transfer profits abroad, tax incentives, etc.

Along with attracting foreign investment, the Malaysian Government also advocates mobilizing domestic investment capital: borrowing savings from people, tax incentives for people to invest their own capital...

The 6th Five-Year Plan (1991-1995) focused on upgrading infrastructure and increasing labor productivity, and was also the first plan to implement the 30-year national development program (1991-2020). The Malaysian government hoped that after 30 years the economy would be 7.5 times larger than it is now, with an average growth rate of 7% per year.

In 1992, Malaysia had 1,086 km of railways, and the 6th Five-Year Plan introduced a railway modernization program, including a two-way railway project at a cost of RM543 million. The country's road network has a density of only 0.28 km/km2 . However, the road quality is relatively good: 75% of the total length is paved; 15.1% is expressway and 46.5% is secondary road. Since 1989, the Government has started construction of a four-lane expressway running from the Thai border in the north to the Singapore border in the south at a cost of RM5.2 billion.

ringgit. In September 1994, 848 km of this expressway was put into use. In 1991, construction of the East-West Expressway was also started with an estimated cost of about 270 million ringgit.

In 1992, the Malaysian government launched an aviation modernization program with an estimated cost of about US$5 billion. Kuala Lumpur International Airport was upgraded with four new runways and opened in 1998.

Malaysia's main seaports are Penang, Port Klang, Kuching,

Sibu, Miri and Labuan. Port capacity is being increased by the construction of a new port next to Port Klang at a cost of RM500 million and doubling the capacity of Johe Port to 20 million tonnes per annum.

Kuala Lumpur - the capital of Malaysia with the 452m Petronas Twin Towers, the second tallest in the world, Merdeka Square with the tallest flagpole in the world... has become a tourist attraction to Malaysia for many decades. However, along with the process of industrial development and urbanization, Kuala Lumpur, the pride of Southeast Asia, has become increasingly crowded. Traffic jams and environmental pollution are increasing. Therefore, since 1995, the Malaysian Government has planned to build a new capital city, Putrajaya, for Malaysia. Putrajaya, which was originally a deserted land without rivers or trees, is located about 30km south of Kuala Lumpur. If there had not been the economic crisis in 1997, Putrajaya would probably have officially become the new capital of Malaysia by now. Construction was interrupted for many years and only restarted in early 2000.

In nearly seven years, people have decorated their "New Capital" with a river running around the city and spanning it with nine cable-stayed bridges, from the image of a ship sailing out to sea, the Dome, the Bell Tower... extremely impressive and next to that are hundreds of buildings with Islamic and modern architecture.

Outside the square, along Putra Avenue, the backbone of the city, are huge mansions and offices on both sides, but it does not feel stuffy because it is covered in green trees. Wherever you go, you can see flowers and green trees, even on the sidewalks.

down the escalator into the air-conditioned shopping mall by the river, also planted with flowers and trees inside. On the river are boats with curved sterns like in the old days, making travelers feel like they are living in a peaceful country town rather than a megacity... On hot summer days, not only Putrajaya residents but also tourists often like to go to the commercial area by Putra Lake to enjoy the breeze from the Peach River, from there they can see the whole city. The Government, commercial, cultural, complex and entertainment areas are all designed in different colors and styles. It is expected that by 2010, the construction will be completed with an estimated total value of more than 8 billion USD, and at that time Putrajaya will officially become the new capital of the Islamic Federation of Malaysia.

Tourism is currently the fourth largest industry in Malaysia. In 2006, the number of visitors from Malaysia's four neighboring countries, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia and Brunei, accounted for 77.2% of the total number of foreign tourists. In addition, the number of visitors from other countries also increased sharply, such as China (439 thousand people), Japan (354 thousand people), India (279 thousand people), Australia (277 thousand people), the UK (252 thousand people) and the Philippines (211 thousand people). In 2007, Malaysia attracted about 20.97 million tourists, an increase of 19.5% compared to 2006, bringing total tourism revenue to 12.7 billion USD. One of the reasons for the development of the Malaysian tourism industry is that the Malaysian government has paid great attention to developing the infrastructure system of the economy. The state directly participates in implementing infrastructure construction projects, thereby realizing socio-economic goals. The state creates a favorable investment environment that attracts many foreign investors for long-term investment. Political stability with consistent and open policies has created confidence and stimulated domestic and foreign enterprises to invest in developing infrastructure in Malaysia.

1.3.1.3. Thailand's experience

Thailand is located in the middle of Southeast Asia, stretching 1,620km from North to South and 775km from East to West with an area of 513,000 km2 and a population of 64.6 million.

Perfecting state management of urban tourism infrastructure in Vietnam - 7

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