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Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF TOURISM AND HOTELS

Chapter code: NHKS 07.01

Introduce:

In chapter 1, learners will be equipped with basic knowledge such as: Understanding the concepts of tourism, tourists and related concepts, Analyzing the conditions for tourism development and practical connections in Vietnam.

Chapter Objectives:

After completing this chapter, students should:

- Present the concept of tourism, tourists and related concepts

- The system is formed and developed during the periods of world and Vietnamese tourism.

- Understand the operating principles of some tourism organizations in the world and Vietnam

- Give reasons why people travel and the basis for the formation of different types of tourism.

- Analyze tourism development conditions and practical connections in Vietnam

- Have an interest in researching world and Vietnam tourism

Main content:

1. Some basic concepts

1.1 Concept of tourism

People are curious about the world around them, wanting to learn more about the landscape, terrain, flora and fauna and culture of other places. Therefore, tourism has emerged and become a rather important phenomenon in human life. Nowadays, tourism is no longer a separate phenomenon, the privilege of an individual or a group of people, but tourism has become a common social need to meet the goal of constantly improving people's material and spiritual life. However, the concept of tourism has many ways of understanding because it is approached in many different ways. Here are some popular concepts of tourism:

Approaching tourism from the perspective of human needs

- Tourism is a phenomenon : Before the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, tourism was still considered a privilege of the wealthy and aristocratic classes and people only considered it an individual phenomenon in economic and social life. During this period, people considered tourism as a social phenomenon that contributed to enriching people's lives and perceptions. It is the phenomenon of people leaving their regular residence to a strange place for many different purposes except for the purpose of finding a job (earning money) and during that time they have to spend the money they have earned. Swiss professors Hunziker and Krapf generalized: Tourism is a synthesis of phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-locals - people who do not have the purpose of settling and are not related to any money-making activities. This concept is recognized by the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism (AIEST).

With this concept, tourism is only explained in terms of the phenomenon of traveling, however, this is also a concept that serves as a basis for identifying travelers and is the basis for forming demand for tourism later.

- Tourism is an activity: According to Mill and Morrison, tourism is an activity that occurs when people cross borders (a country, two borders, a region, a region) for the purpose of entertainment or work and stay there for at least 24 hours but not more than 1 year. Thus, tourism can be considered through the typical activities that people desire during their trips. Tourism can be understood as "activities related to

"to people's trips outside their usual place of residence to meet the needs of sightseeing, learning, entertainment, and relaxation within a certain period of time" .

From the above perspectives, the nature of tourism is clearly indicated through the following 5 main characteristics:

1. Tourism arises from the movement and stay of people from one place to another.

each other

2. There are two main elements in tourism: the journey to the destination and the stay,

including activities at the destination.

3. Travel and stay occur outside the usual place of residence and work, so tourism gives rise to activities of tourists in the destination that are different from the activities of residents living and working there.

4. A temporary, short-term trip to a destination and then a return trip within a few days, weeks or months.

5. Trips with multiple purposes but not for the purpose of settling or finding employment in the place visited.

With the above approaches, the nature of tourism has mainly been explained only from the perspective of a phenomenon, an activity that belongs to the needs of tourists.

Approaching tourism as an economic sector

When traveling, people often have many needs during their trip such as the need for transportation, accommodation, entertainment. At first, they satisfy those needs themselves. Later, it becomes a business opportunity. Tourism began to be conceived as an economic activity to satisfy the needs of tourists. An economic sector formed to meet the needs of people during trips away from their usual residence is called the tourism industry. According to American scholars McIntosh, Goeldner and Ritchie, tourism is a synthesis of the fields of travel, hotels, transportation and all other constituent elements including promotion to serve the special needs and desires of tourists. The 1971 United Nations Conference on Tourism also agreed that tourism should be broadly conceived as representing the set of industrial and commercial activities providing wholly or mainly goods and services for consumption by international and domestic tourists.

Thus, when approaching tourism as a system that provides necessary elements in tourist journeys, tourism is understood as an economic sector that provides goods and services based on combining the values of tourism resources to satisfy the special needs and desires of tourists.

An integrated approach to tourism

To consider tourism more comprehensively, authors McIntosh, Goelder and Ritchie argue that it is necessary to consider all subjects (components) participating in tourism activities to be able to generalize and fully understand the nature of tourism. Those subjects (components) include:

- Tourists: These are people who seek different experiences and satisfactions, material or spiritual. The nature of the tourist will determine the tourist destinations chosen and the activities participated and enjoyed.

- Businesses providing tourism goods and services: Businesses see tourism as an opportunity to make profits through providing goods and services to meet the needs of the tourist market.

- Local government: Local government leaders see tourism as a positive factor for the economy through the prospect of income from business activities for local people, foreign exchange earned from international visitors and tax revenue collected for the treasury directly or indirectly.

- Local population: Local population often considers tourism as a factor of job creation and cultural exchange. An important point to emphasize here is the effect of interaction between large numbers of international tourists and local population. This effect can be both beneficial and harmful.

Thus, to fully and comprehensively reflect the activities and relationships of tourism, according to this approach, tourism is understood as a synthesis of phenomena and relationships arising from the interactions between tourists, businesses, authorities and local communities in the process of attracting and welcoming tourists.

With this approach, tourists are the central characters that generate activities and relationships to satisfy the purposes of the subjects participating in those activities and relationships.

In short, tourism is a concept with many approaches stemming from the rich nature and development of tourism activities. Therefore, depending on each research purpose, those concepts can be used appropriately.

1.2 Concept of tourist

Tourists (tourists) are the subjects who carry out tourism activities and are considered the central element in the system of tourism activities. Tourists can be simply understood as people who travel. However, the definition of tourists given is very different between periods and countries.

According to the authors Nguyen Van Dinh and Tran Thi Minh Hoa (2004), the definition of tourist first appeared in the late 18th century in France. At that time, the journeys of the Germans, Danes, Portuguese, Dutch and British in France were divided into two types. The small journey (the small tour "Le peptide tour") was the journey from Paris to the Southeast of France. The big journey (the big tour "Le grand tour") was the journey along the Mediterranean coast, down to the Southwest of France and the Bourgone region. Tourists were defined as people who made a big journey "Fair le grand tour".

According to two Chinese authors, Dong Ngoc Minh and Vuong Loi Dinh (2000), the term "tourist" in English first appeared in the Oxford Dictionary in 1811. This term means a person from another place who comes for the purpose of sightseeing and traveling.

In the early 20th century, Lozep Stander (Austrian economist) defined: " Tourists are luxury passengers who stay at will outside their regular residence to satisfy high-class needs without pursuing economic goals " (Quoted from Nguyen Van Dinh and Tran Thi Minh Hoa, 2004).

According to Odgilvi (British economist): " To become a tourist, you must meet two conditions: (1) Travel away from home for less than 1 year; (2) Spend money at the place of stay with money earned elsewhere " (Quoted from Nguyen Van Dinh and Tran Thi Minh Hoa, 2004).

The Conference of the World Tourism Organization held in Rome (1968) determined: "Anyone who spends one night in a place other than his home and whose main purpose of the journey is not to earn money is considered a tourist" (Quoted from Nguyen Van Luu, 2005).

According to the Vietnam Tourism Law (2005): " A tourist is a person who travels or combines travel, except for the purpose of studying, working or practicing a profession to receive income at the destination ".

On March 4, 1993, at the request of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the United Nations Statistical Commission recognized the following terms to unify tourism statistics:

International Tourist includes international tourists coming to travel (Inbound Tourist) and international tourists traveling abroad (Outbound Tourist).

Domestic tourists include citizens of a country and foreigners living in that country who travel domestically.

Domestic Tourist includes internal tourists and inbound tourists.

National Tourist includes domestic tourists (Internal Tourist) and international tourists traveling abroad (Outbound Tourist).

However, in Vietnam, the concept of types of tourists is simpler. According to Article 34, Chapter V of the Vietnam Tourism Law (2005): " Tourists include domestic tourists and international tourists ". According to such a concept, domestic tourists are also called domestic tourists.

According to the Vietnam Tourism Law (2005): " International tourists are foreigners, Vietnamese people residing abroad who travel to Vietnam; Vietnamese citizens, foreigners permanently residing in Vietnam who travel abroad."

According to the Vietnam Tourism Law (2005): " Domestic tourists are Vietnamese citizens and foreigners permanently residing in Vietnam traveling within the territory of Vietnam".

1.3 Concept of tourist destination

Tourism resources are natural landscapes, natural elements, historical and cultural relics, creative works of human labor, other human values and special events that can be used to meet tourism needs, and are the basic factors for forming tourist areas, tourist spots, tourist routes and tourist cities.

Tourist attractions are places with attractive tourism resources, serving the sightseeing needs of tourists.

A tourist area is a place with attractive tourism resources with advantages in natural tourism resources, planned and invested in development to meet the diverse needs of tourists, bringing about economic, social and environmental efficiency.

A tourist route is a route connecting tourist areas, tourist attractions, and tourist service providers, associated with road, rail, waterway, and air routes.

Tourism business is the implementation of one, some or all stages of the tourism operation process or the implementation of tourism services on the market for profit purposes.

Travel is the creation, sale and organization of part or all of a travel program for tourists.

Tourism activities are activities of tourists, organizations, individuals doing tourism business, communities and agencies, organizations and individuals related to tourism.

Tourism promotion is the activity of propaganda, advertising and mobilization to seek and promote opportunities for tourism development.

Tourism products include tourism services, goods and facilities provided to tourists, which are created by the combination of natural factors, technical facilities and tourism labor in a certain region or locality.

1.4. Hotel Concept

Hotels are popular accommodation establishments in the world, ensuring the quality and necessary amenities for accommodation business, meeting a number of requirements for rest, food, entertainment and other services during the guests' stay at the hotel, in accordance with the motive and purpose of the trip.

2. Types of tourism

2.1. Based on resource environment

- Nature tourism (Ecotourism) attracts people who like to enjoy the outdoors, enjoy beautiful scenery and wild flora and fauna.