Objects and Contents of Labor Psychology Research

Language acts as a second signal, representing objective things and phenomena in the human mind. In essence, language is a combination of sounds (phonetics) or characters (writing), which humans unify to communicate. Thanks to language, humans can reflect objective reality, communicate, exchange experiences, and accumulated knowledge. Thinking is a psychological process that reflects the essential properties, internal connections and relationships of regular nature of things and phenomena in objective reality that we did not know before. Thinking has the following three basic forms of expression:

- Concept is the reflection of the most basic and general signs of things and phenomena through language.

- Judgment is the establishment of relationships between things and phenomena to affirm or deny an attribute or a certain relationship of the things and phenomena that humans are studying.

- Reasoning is an abstract form of thinking to draw one or more new judgments about things and phenomena from one or more existing judgments.

- To think effectively, we need to understand and skillfully apply the following thinking operations:

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- Analysis and synthesis: Analysis is using the mind to divide an object or phenomenon into many aspects, sides, and attributes for research. Synthesis is using the mind to unify separate parts, sides, and attributes into a unified part.

- Comparison is using the mind to determine the differences, similarities, equality, inequality, identity and heterogeneity between different things and phenomena.

- Abstraction is using the mind to remove from the object unnecessary parts, attributes, and elements, keeping only the most necessary, essential, and sustainable elements.

- Concretization is the illustration of abstract concepts in thinking with vivid examples, transferring generalities into specific cases.

- Generalization is using the mind to encompass many objects with the same nature into groups.

1.1.2.3 Personality and personality formation

Every person living in society shows his or her own unique nature to the outside. That unique characteristic of that person is called personality. Personality is the social aspect of psychology, the sum of individual psychological attributes that have both social significance and individual characteristics. A person with personality is considered a member of society, subject to

element:

The dominant factor of social relations, and at the same time the subject of conscious social activities. Personality has the following four basic contents:

- Tendencies are human activity tendencies expressed in real life. Tendencies are expressed in needs, interests, beliefs and ideals that humans strive for. If gathered together, they will determine the individual's purpose in life.

- Personality is a combination of basic and sustainable attributes of a human being, reflecting the history of interaction between the individual and living conditions and education, expressed in the individual's specific level of interaction with objective reality in the way of behaving in that individual's social actions.

- Temperament is an individual psychological attribute associated with a relatively stable type of human neural activity, is the driving force of all human psychological activities and is expressed through their daily behaviors, gestures, and actions.

- Competence is the sum of unique attributes of an individual that are suitable for the specific needs of a certain activity, ensuring good completion in that field of activity.

Human personality is formed over a long period of time through the interaction of three factors.

- First, the innate genetic factor inherited from parents. This is the prerequisite factor of personality.

- Second, the individual's operating environment is the natural and social environments in which the individual lives and grows up. This is the decisive factor in the formation of personality.

- Third, individual activities are all of the individual's actions taking place in a specific living and working environment. Individual activities determine the formation, consolidation and development of personality.

Human personality is formed through stages. The stage of 0-3 years old is basically

The essence still exists instinctively, consciousness is just beginning to emerge. In the 3-6 year old stage, consciousness has appeared but is not yet independent, self-controlled and still depends on others. In the 6-10 year old stage, consciousness has generally been shaped relatively clearly, relatively stable in all aspects. In the 10-15 year old stage, consciousness has basically been shaped, has begun to gradually shift from child to adult, consciousness has begun to be independent in managing behavior, but is not yet completely independent and self-controlled. In the 15-18 year old stage, consciousness has generally been consolidated and developed to maturity and has achieved independence and self-control in managing behavior. At this point, personality is formed and officially takes responsibility for social behavior before the law.

1.1.2.4 Emotional and mental life

a. Emotion

Humans always express their activities in a certain emotional and mental state. Emotions are human vibrations that occur in a certain period of time, reflecting events related to daily life. Emotions are often expressed through gestures, movements, facial expressions, postures, actions, and external manners of humans and they are the basis of human emotions. Emotions are subjective attitudes of humans towards phenomena occurring in the objective world or in their bodies, they represent the level of vibration of humans towards what they are doing or perceiving, it is a characteristic of human psychological life. In life, emotions can be expressed in the form of moral emotions, intellectual emotions, aesthetic emotions and practical emotions. Ethical sentiment is the attitude of human beings towards fellow human beings and society, Intellectual sentiment is the attitude of human beings towards received knowledge, it is expressed as passion, doubt, surprise. Aesthetic sentiment is the attitude of human beings towards beauty, ugliness, good, evil, right, wrong... Practical sentiment is the attitude of human beings towards productive labor activities. In addition, human sentiment also manifests in other forms such as: mood, emotion, passion, stress. Mood is an emotional state of human beings, it is not as strong as emotion but it lasts longer and affects human activities and health. Emotions are short, intense emotions, or strongly stimulated emotions. In an emotional state, human beings can act hastily, rashly, and without thinking, leading to bad consequences. Passion is a strong, lasting emotion that drives people to direct their entire mind and energy toward a certain goal. Stress occurs when people work in difficult, unfavorable conditions. Stress often causes negative consequences for work.

b. Intention

Will is a special form of positivity, expressing the ability of human beings to control and adjust their actions to achieve the set goals based on the calculation of objective and subjective conditions. Will has the following four basic characteristics:

- Independence is shown in people who know how to set goals for themselves and act according to their own will to achieve those goals.

- Decisiveness shows that people know how to be timely through fully thought-out decisions, without hesitation.

- Perseverance is the ability to maintain constant focus over a long period of time to achieve a set goal.

- Self-control shows that people know how to control themselves in all situations.

In addition, willpower is also expressed in courage, boldness, perseverance, discipline, diligence and hard work.

1.1.3 Objects and contents of research on labor psychology

a. Object of Labor Psychology: Human - machine - environment system

The labor process is carried out on the basis of the interaction of factors in the human - machine - environment system to achieve efficiency and quality of labor. If the problem is to describe, examine and control human actions, it is enough to study humans on the biological - psychological - social system. But here we are interested in human actions in labor activities. Therefore, it is impossible to describe, control and predict human actions without mentioning the machines and equipment that humans use to work and the physical - social environment in which labor activities are taking place.

Similarly, the working efficiency of machines and equipment cannot be accurately assessed without taking into account the working efficiency of humans. Therefore, humans - machines - environment are three factors that interact with each other to form a synchronous system. Human system

- Machine - environment is a whole formed from one or more people and from one or more physical elements (machines) that are mutually related to each other based on an information cycle, belonging to a physical and social situation to achieve a common purpose.

In the above system, Humans play a decisive role, they can operate, adjust, and change the elements in the system to achieve the goals they have set. However, in reality, the set goals can achieve high or low results, or even not be achieved because many environmental factors and machines have negatively impacted activities, reducing labor efficiency. Labor psychology is very interested in the basis for creating synchronization and efficiency of activities, the center of which is to create conditions to exploit positive psychological factors of Humans to improve productivity and quality of activities. Labor psychology is interested in Humans in the following three basic aspects:

- The working capacity of each individual is shown in the skills and labor techniques of a specific professional profession, to what extent they have been exploited.

- Health, expressed as muscular strength, endurance in labor, and tolerance to nervous tension, has been expressed to what extent and how it is exploited to increase labor productivity and reduce muscle energy costs.

- Personal psychological characteristics such as temperament, personality, ability, will... have been developed to the fullest extent.

To what extent do these characteristics contribute to a high level of volunteerism and responsibility?

The above factors are exploited to the maximum in adapting to machines and the environment.

This is the basis for creating high labor efficiency.

Labor psychology studies the elements of machinery and equipment mainly in terms of design and arrangement of its elements in accordance with human psychophysiological factors so that they can operate in the most favorable conditions.

Labor psychology studies environmental factors, both physical and social, to exploit and use them to create positive impacts on human psychology such as: lighting with vision, noise with hearing, color music with psychology, social relationships to stimulate the interest in work of individuals...

In short, Labor Psychology must specifically consider and evaluate the emergence, development, and evolution of human psychology in labor to create the highest adaptability in the human-machine-environment system towards productivity, quality, and happiness for workers.

Research object of Labor Psychology

The organization of labor processes in enterprises today has undergone revolutionary changes in all aspects. If in the past, workers were only considered as employees, now they are workers with a certain role and position in the enterprise and they are the owners of the labor process, the owners of society. Therefore, in the past, the tendency of improving labor productivity was to focus on exploiting the physical strength of workers, today the tendency of improving labor productivity is to exploit the intellectual and social psychological factors. Therefore, an inevitable requirement of scientific labor organization is to build psychological foundations for people in labor to create a premise for effective scientific labor organization. The research object of Labor Psychology is the process of formation, development and evolution of psychological phenomena of people in labor. The psychological characteristics of individuals have been shaped in specific people, but how they actually arise and develop in labor is the field that Labor Psychology must accurately point out to serve as a basis for effective scientific labor organization. The arising and development of psychology in labor is often the arising and development of positivity or negativity, creative initiative or mechanical passivity, high or low sense of responsibility, collective building or destructive spirit... and in what direction do those factors develop? Do they increase or decrease productivity and product quality? Positive or negative effects on workers' health?

Labor psychology and scientific labor organization have a two-way impact on each other. Labor psychology as the basis for scientific labor organization, because labor organization

Science must rely on the conclusions of Labor Psychology to conduct scientific labor organization. On the other hand, scientific labor organization is the causal factor leading to different psychological manifestations in labor.

b. Contents of Labor Psychology:

Labor psychology as a science studies the emergence, development, and evolution of individual psychological phenomena of different types of activities in specific working conditions. Therefore, the basic content of the subject is expressed in the study and exploitation of the following basic factors:

- Study the emergence of interest in work content and exploit it to improve labor productivity and bring happiness to workers.

- Study the emergence of attention in work and exploit this attention to increase labor productivity and prevent accidents.

- Research the psychological factors of subordinates to serve as a basis for leaders to effectively use their employees.

- Research on changes in working capacity and apply it in scientific labor organization.

- Study the psychological elements of color and music and use it to stimulate work excitement.

- Study the psychological factors of occupational safety and use it to prevent occupational accidents.

- Research psychological factors in cognition to conduct vocational training with high results.

- Research on factors of attitude and spirit in work and ways to stimulate these factors.

- Research human adaptation to technology and work to come up with solutions to effectively use workers.

- Research the adaptation of technology and work to Human to come up with solutions to improve technology and work.

- Research on group psychology and interpersonal characteristics to organize effective group activities.

- Research psychological characteristics in communication to create effective human communication.

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- Research the psychological characteristics of management workers to effectively exploit and stimulate staff.

To clarify that basic content, Labor Psychology must build a system of scientific research methods and clarify its content. Theoretical issues of research on the content are presented specifically in the chapters of this textbook.

c. Tasks of Labor Psychology

To demonstrate the above basic contents, Labor Psychology must perform the following basic tasks:

- Labor psychology must study and complete research methods to apply to specific conditions in practice.

- Labor psychology must build theories on psychological problems in labor to serve as a basis for unified perception.

- Labor psychology must study reality to provide lessons for scientific labor organizations to apply.

- Labor psychology must study the advanced achievements of other countries and creatively apply them to the specific conditions of our country to improve labor productivity.

- Labor psychology must direct theoretical research to perfecting the relationship between people and organizations and between organizations and people. These are two sides of the problem of labor efficiency.

d. Significance of the study of Labor Psychology

Labor psychology studies the psychological factors of Humans in labor with two basic purposes: orienting healthy psychological factors to exploit them to improve labor productivity, perfecting the development of Humans to bring them increasing happiness. With these two purposes, Labor Psychology has an extremely great significance not only for the efficiency of business operations but also for Humans in general. That significance is shown in the following basic points:

- Firstly, Labor Psychology has pointed out the emergence, development, and evolution of individual psychological phenomena in labor. It helps labor organization exploit positive psychological factors to improve labor productivity and minimize the emergence and development of negative psychological factors.

- Second, Labor Psychology has pointed out the causes of labor accidents, helping to prevent labor accidents, protecting both production and people.

- Third, Labor Psychology has pointed out the problems of human adaptation to technology and work, technology and work with humans to serve as the basis for human resource development, perfecting each individual as well as perfecting production technology and techniques.

- Fourthly, Labor Psychology also points out labor culture issues such as: behavioral culture, communication culture, labor values and other social values... to help stimulate workers to achieve high efficiency in work.

- Fifth, Labor Psychology also helps build healthy labor collectives, connecting workers with the organization and considering the organization as a second home for each person.

- Sixthly, Labor Psychology also contributes to perfecting individual psychology to build and develop new Humans, Humans of modern civilization.

In short, with such great significance, Labor Psychology requires due attention and increasingly widespread development in practice so that it can play its role in society.

METHODS OF LABOR PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH.

Any science builds its own certain theoretical system. To build it, it is always necessary to rely on specific scientific research methods. This is an important tool to help them form a theoretical system. Labor psychology relies on the following basic methods as a research tool and to form its theoretical system.

1.2.1 Research methodology of Labor Psychology

Like other social psychology subjects, Labor Psychology takes Marxist materialism (dialectical materialism and historical materialism) as its research basis. It studies things and phenomena in their organic, logical, and dialectical relationships with each other. It uses analysis and synthesis to break down each aspect of research and generalize them into a complete whole. It uses judgment and reasoning to find scientific conclusions in the relationship between matter and consciousness, political ideology and action, and the rights and obligations of each person in individual and group psychological phenomena. It uses concretization, generalization, and abstraction to build theories from the manifestations of reality. It uses the categories of cause and effect, content and form, etc. to study the relationships that interact with each other. It uses the rules

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