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Management of non-public museums in Vietnam - 1


MINISTRY OF CULTURE, SPORTS AND TOURISM MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF CULTURE

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HOANG THANH MAI


Management of non-public museums in Vietnam - 1

MANAGEMENT OF NON-PUBLISH MUSEUMS IN VIETNAM


Major: Cultural Management Code: 9319042


DOCTORAL THESIS IN CULTURAL MANAGEMENT


Scientific supervisor: 1. Associate Professor, Dr. Pham Mai Hung

2. Associate Professor, Dr. Nguyen Sy Toan


HANOI, 2022

COMMITMENT


I hereby declare that this is my research work under the scientific guidance of Associate Professor, Dr. Pham Mai Hung and Associate Professor, Dr. Nguyen Sy Toan. The contents presented in the thesis are the results of my research, ensuring honesty and have never been published in any form. For the parts using the research results of others, I have clearly cited the source. I am fully responsible for this declaration.


Hanoi, date month year 2022

Thesis author


Hoang Thanh Mai


INDEX


COMMITMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2

LIST OF TABLES, DIAGRAMS 3

INTRODUCTION 4

Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION, THEORETICAL BASIS AND OVERVIEW OF NON-PUBLISH MUSEUMS IN VIETNAM 10

1.1. Overview of research situation 10

1.2. Theoretical basis for non-public museum management 22

1.3. Overview of non-public museums in Vietnam 41

Summary of chapter 1 51

Chapter 2: CURRENT STATUS OF MANAGEMENT OF NON-PUBLIC MUSEUMS IN VIETNAM 52

2.1. Non-public museum management entities 52

2.2. Coordination mechanism in management 57

2.3. Non-public museum management activities 59

2.4. General comments 97

Chapter 2 Summary 102

Chapter 3: DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND SOLUTIONS TO CONTRIBUTE TO IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF MANAGEMENT OF NON-PUBLISHED MUSEUMS IN VIETNAM 104

3.1. Forecasting the development trend of non-public museums 104

3.2. Viewpoints and orientations of the Party and State on the development of non-public museums in our country 110

3.3. Solutions to improve the management efficiency of non-public museums 115

Chapter 3 Summary 146

CONCLUSION 148

LIST OF AUTHOR'S PUBLISHED WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS 151

REFERENCES 152

APPENDIX 159


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS


Abbreviation Full text

AFCP US Ambassador's Fund for Cultural Preservation Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism ICOM International Council of Museums

Market Economy Market Economy

Economic and Social Economy and Society

PhD student

Publishing House

Associate Professor. PhD.

SVHTT Department of Culture - Information SVHTTDL Department of Culture - Sports and Tourism TLPV Interview materials

PhD

People's Committee People's Committee


LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS

Table 1.1: Comparison of differences between public and non-public museums 37

Table 1.2: Comparison of differences in public and non-public museum management 38

Table 2.1. Statistics on forms of collecting artifacts by non-public museum owners in recent years in localities across the country 74

Table 2.2: Summary of number of visitors from 2016 to 2019 82

Table 2.3. Statistics of communication forms implemented by museums in recent years 84

Table 2.4: Statistics on the number of human resources recruited to work at some non-public museums today 91

Chart 1.1. Classification of non-public museum ownership in Vietnam 46

Figure 1.2. Occupational statistics of non-public museum owners in Vietnam 46

Chart 3.1: Growth in the number of non-public museums from 2015 – 2021 107

Chart 3.2: Forecast of the number of non-public museums in Vietnam by 2031 108


Diagram 2.1. Model of individual owner and museum director 90

Diagram 2.2. Organizational model, group of people with the same aspirations and are also museum owners 90

INTRODUCTION

1. Reason for choosing the topic

1.1. In Vietnam, the Law on Cultural Heritage promulgated on June 29, 2001 created a legal framework for the emergence of private museums in Vietnam. In 2009, after 8 years of implementation, to suit the reality, the Law on Cultural Heritage was amended and supplemented with a number of articles, in which the term "Private Museum" was replaced by the phrase "Non-public Museum" (Article 50, section 1.c). Private museums, now called non-public museums, have become an indispensable part of the Vietnamese museum system, although these museums are still quite modest in number with 54 museums nationwide. However, the emergence of non-public museums has reflected the aspirations of the people, proving that the Party and State's guidelines and policies on socialization are completely correct and in line with the development trend of the times. Along with public museums, the system of non-public museums has been playing an important role in the cause of preserving and promoting the value of the nation's cultural heritage, making a practical contribution to the work of historical and cultural education for generations, especially the young generation.

1.2. In addition to remarkable achievements, non-public museums have been facing a number of difficulties and shortcomings in museum management. The first difficulty that non-public museums in Vietnam have to face is the problem of weak and lacking museum expertise, from managers to museum staff. Museum owners are mainly businessmen, veteran revolutionary cadres, retired cadres who are passionate about heritage, recalling the glorious past of the country, and out of national pride and pride, together responding to the correct policies and guidelines of the Party and State. They rely on two sole premises: collecting the artifacts they own and the modest facilities they have to build museums. The number of staff at non-public museums is very small, some museums have no staff. Weak professional qualifications due to lack of formal training in museology, only a few non-public museums have staff who have worked in museums or have specialized training close to museology. Therefore, professional activities at museums have not been implemented in a synchronous and systematic manner according to regulations of the industry management agency.

1.3. The Party and the State always create favorable conditions in terms of mechanisms and policies for non-public museums to be established and operated. However, preferential policies for non-public museums are not suitable and there is no unity, each locality


Local authorities issue and implement differently some issues regarding infrastructure, tax exemption, linking political and social organizations with museums, etc. The system of legal documents applied to all museums, including public and non-public ones, has led to difficulties for non-public museums in the implementation process, such as professional issues and other activities. The separate documents for non-public museums have expired, but the management agencies have not yet developed and issued replacement documents.

1.4. The issue of funding for maintenance and development is one of the important factors that greatly affects the existence of non-public museums. Currently, museums are established and operate mainly based on the funding of museum owners and a part of the revenue from ticket sales and services of a small number of museums. Museums also have difficulty accessing cultural funds or funding from businesses. This is also the main reason why a large number of museums operate ineffectively or even close down after only a short time of opening to visitors.

1.5. Up to now, research works on the non-public museum system have only mentioned the current state of museum operations. There has been no systematic, in-depth and comprehensive research on the current state of management of non-public museums from the perspective of cultural management, thereby proposing flexible policies that are suitable for the reality of museums in Vietnam, correctly assessing the current state of management of non-public museums in terms of state management and museum owners, and finding appropriate and effective management content in the current trend of formation and development of non-public museums in Vietnam. Therefore, the PhD student's choice to implement the topic: " Management of non-public museums in Vietnam " has scientific and practical significance.

2. Research purpose and tasks

2.1. Research purpose

The thesis studies the current management status of non-public museums in Vietnam, finding out the advantages and limitations in management from the state management agencies and museum owners. On that basis, the thesis proposes solutions to improve the effectiveness of management of non-public museums in the coming time.

2.2. Research tasks

- Collect and analyze research works related to the topic to inherit, solve, the objectives and research tasks of the thesis.


- Research on theoretical basis of non-public museum management.

- Survey and analyze the current management status of non-public museums from two perspectives: state and owner.

- Point out the advantages, limitations and causes of non-public museum management entities.

- Propose solutions to improve the management efficiency of non-public museums in the coming time.

3. Research object and scope

3.1. Research subjects

The thesis focuses on studying the current status of non-public museum management, however, in the process of solving the basic contents of the thesis, the researcher will survey and study a number of cases: Hoang Long Antiquities Museum (Thanh Hoa), Muong Cultural Space Museum (Hoa Binh), Dong Que Museum (Nam Dinh) and Museum of Revolutionary Soldiers Captured and Imprisoned by the Enemy (Hanoi) to have documents and data to prove the comments on the management activities of museum owners. The four museums above are museums that were established quite early, the advantages and difficulties arise in the process of professional activities and management work. However, in addition to the four museums above, the researcher also cites documents and data from other museums under the conditions of needing to be proven.

3.2. Scope of research

Time scope: The thesis focuses on studying non-public museums since the Law on Cultural Heritage was officially promulgated and took effect in 2001 until now.

Spatial scope : Currently, the country has 54 non-public museums with establishment decisions according to the list of the Department of Cultural Heritage, distributed in Hanoi (15), Ho Chi Minh City (3), Quang Nam (3), Da Nang (3) and scattered in Hoa Binh (2), Thanh Hoa (2), Thua Thien Hue (2), Ba Ria - Vung Tau (2), Nam Dinh, Hai Phong, Thai Binh, Quang Ngai, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Binh Thuan, Dak Lak, Lam Dong, Dong Thap... From 2015 to present, the researcher has had the opportunity to work and collaborate with a number of public and non-public museums in Hanoi, Hoa Binh, Nam Dinh and Thanh Hoa. These are localities with a developed system of public and non-public museums as well as rich potential for cultural heritage in the North. Therefore, the researcher has chosen Hanoi, Hoa Binh, Nam Dinh and Thanh Hoa as the main research areas of the thesis.

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