Factors Affecting the Preservation and Promotion of Cultural Identity of Ethnic Minorities.

Preserving and maintaining traditional tools to educate future generations to understand more about ethnic culture in each specific historical period associated with the conditions at that time. On the other hand, continuing to promote tools that are still effective in current conditions in the natural environment, especially in the Northeast region.

Preserving and promoting the tangible cultural values of ethnic minorities in the Northeast region is done through basic methods such as: preserving through a system of professional conservation and museums; investing in facilities and the support of modern science and technology; restoring, recording, preserving, and disseminating through modern scientific and technological means; restoring, recreating, preserving, and promoting through the construction of cultural village models, community cultural tourism villages preserved by ethnic minorities themselves in the lives of each family, clan, and village with authentic cultural space. For example, in each family, it is necessary to highly promote the teaching and regular, direct practice in daily life.

Intangible cultural values such as language, customs, religious beliefs, festivals, indigenous knowledge and folk art also need to be identified, preserved and actively promoted.

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- The language of each ethnic group is a tool to preserve and express the ethnic culture. Preserving the ethnic language needs to be done in both spoken and written forms. Spoken and written languages are both tools to express thinking, they not only play an important role in daily communication but are also effective tools in transmitting (directly transmitted by spoken language, indirectly transmitted by written language) to the next generation the quintessential values in ethnic culture. Preserving the language needs to be done in two basic ways: direct teaching in daily life by: First, generations regularly communicate with each other in the ethnic language; Second, it is done through schools, that is, opening classes to teach ethnic languages.

- With customs and practices, each ethnic group needs to preserve and pass on to future generations the reasonable and good cores of their customs and practices. Those good values are expressed in the way of organizing production, the way of expressing emotions, the relationship between humans and nature, as well as

as in customs related to the human life cycle such as childbirth, weddings, birthdays, funerals...

Customs and practices most clearly express the good values of the community, showing creativity and flexibility in production and labor; solidarity, love, and mutual assistance in all circumstances; harmonious, open, and honest behavior; filial piety and respect for parents... It is necessary to promote these good values in today's life, making these values spread throughout the community to create strength for ethnic minorities to stabilize and develop in the context of a market economy, international exchange and integration.

The way to preserve and promote can be done through the forms of documentation in the form of documents, tapes and discs stored and introduced in museums at all levels from central to local; introduced and promoted on television; directly taught to generations taking place from within the family to schools and in society; especially regular practice in community life is the most effective way to preserve and promote.

- Religious beliefs are cultural activities, beliefs contain many good values of ethnic minorities reflected in rituals, ancestor worship and gods. These values continue to contribute significantly to consolidating and improving the spiritual life of ethnic minorities in the Northeast region. Therefore, the way to preserve and promote these values is through research, collection, recording in the form of documentation; restoration, transmission (teaching) in the daily life of ethnic minorities here.

Festivals are community cultural activities of ethnic minorities in the Northeast region. The festivals contain valuable and reasonable elements such as strengthening community cohesion, fostering optimism, faith in life, satisfying the spiritual and cultural needs of ethnic minorities, demonstrating individual talents such as sewing and embroidering traditional costumes, traditional dishes, singing and dancing traditional songs and skillfulness in playing ethnic musical instruments.... Therefore, it is necessary to preserve and promote these good values in the community to thereby improve the spiritual life of ethnic minorities. The method of preservation is carried out on the basis of research, collection in the form of documentation; restoration and storage on DVDs in museums; maintained in the lives of ethnic minorities.

- Indigenous knowledge is the entire understanding of the community about nature, society and people themselves, accumulated over a long period of history through the experience of that community. These are extremely valuable values, containing unique features of ethnic culture, it plays an important role in production, daily life, in treatment... Therefore, it is very necessary to preserve and promote it in life by: passing it on to the next generations through memory, word of mouth and social practice. It helps people have appropriate behaviors towards the natural environment, regulate social relations, and have necessary understanding in production, in health care and treatment. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen activities to preserve and promote this knowledge through collection, research, systematization and storage by cultural agencies at all levels, especially specialized research institutes.

- The folk art of ethnic minorities in the Northeast region contains many unique and distinctive cultural values. These are ancient stories, folk songs, proverbs, folk melodies along with accompanying musical instruments. It reflects the history of the ethnic groups, the material life, and the spiritual life of the ethnic minorities here. Therefore, preserving and promoting the treasure of folk art and culture of ethnic minorities in this region aims to educate the next generation about ethnic history, contributing to strengthening ethnic awareness and the consciousness of rising up in all circumstances, forming pride in tradition. The method of preservation and promotion is carried out through recording, teaching in classes, clubs, word of mouth and practice in community life.

The way to preserve and promote intangible cultural heritage of ethnic minorities in the Northeast region of our country is done in both static and dynamic states. In the static state, they are kept in books, notes, descriptions in video tapes, audio tapes, and photos (photo albums). All of these intangible cultural values can be kept in cultural archives at the central and local levels. In the dynamic state, those intangible cultural values are preserved right in the community life. The community is the environment that not only produces intangible cultural phenomena but is also the best place to preserve, enrich, and promote them in social life.

The essence of preserving and promoting tangible and intangible cultural values

Intangible cultural values aim to preserve and promote the core values, the essence, the things that create the endogenous strength for ethnic minorities in the Northeast region to exist and develop, which are: national pride; spirit of solidarity, living in harmony with love; diligence, intelligence, creativity and high adaptability to the natural environment; simple, rustic, natural, honest lifestyle and a heart of kindness....

In short, preserving and promoting the cultural heritage of ethnic minorities in the Northeast region means bringing the values of this ethnic cultural heritage into life, making them lively, and moving with all the living activities of the people. Preserving and promoting the ethnic cultural heritage is also making the identity elements increasingly stronger, on the other hand, making them increasingly advanced and modern, by supplementing and accepting new elements and new qualities of the cultures of other ethnic groups in the country and the world.

2.3. Factors affecting the preservation and promotion of cultural identity of ethnic minorities.

Preserving and promoting ethnic minority cultural heritage in general and ethnic minority cultural heritage of the Northeast region in particular are affected by objective and subjective factors. However, in the current context, preserving and promoting ethnic minority cultural heritage is most directly affected by objective factors such as the development of the market economy, globalization and international integration. In particular, the market economy is the most powerful factor in both positive and negative directions.

One of the positive impacts of the market economy on the preservation and promotion of the cultural heritage of ethnic minorities in the Northeast region is the increased initiative, creativity, and independence in thinking and action of ethnic minorities. Under the impact of the market economy, ethnic minorities have proactively adopted production methods, farming techniques, and market access experience to develop their family and local economies with specific and advantageous occupations and products of the region. For example, the Mong and Dao people have known how to apply new production methods and farming techniques to the cultivation of a number of industrial crops on a large scale for commercial purposes such as cardamom, star anise, tea, tobacco, tangerines, oranges, lemons, pears, plums, and have formed a number of

Specialized areas for growing commercial crops on a large scale such as: pear growing in Trang Dinh (Lang Son), tangerine growing in Bac Son, Binh Gia (Lang Son), orange and lemon growing in Vi Xuyen, Bac Quang (Ha Giang), bitter tea growing in Thach An (Cao Bang), star anise growing in the forests of the Tay, Nung, Mong, Dao ethnic groups in Loc Binh district (Lang Son), Bac Me (Ha Giang), Shan Tuyet tea growing in Dong Van district, Hoang Shu Phi district (Ha Giang), Trang Dinh district (Lang Son), Na Hang district (Tuyen Quang)... In addition to commercial crops, ethnic minorities also actively develop handicrafts (forging, weaving, embroidery) to create quality products for consumers. Through the market, these goods quickly spread throughout the country, contributing to poverty reduction, increasing income, and maintaining and preserving traditional crafts and unique, characteristic products of ethnic minorities in the Northeast region.

Second, when the market expands, economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic minorities in the Northeast and the Kinh people take place more frequently and strongly, creating conditions for cultural elements to collide and rub against each other. At that time, outdated cultural elements that are not suitable for new conditions will be eliminated and eliminated, while cultural elements with strong identities will continue to be affirmed, maintained, promoted and supplemented with new cultural elements, making the culture of ethnic minorities in the Northeast both advanced and imbued with ethnic identity.

Third, the development of tourism in a market economy will create conditions for the rich cultural values of ethnic minorities in the Northeast to be promoted and introduced in all regions of the country and the world. From there, it will motivate people to continue to preserve and promote those cultural values - considering them as a source of capital for local economic development.

Fourth, the impact of the market economy makes the material life of ethnic minorities constantly improve. When the material life is adequate, it will create favorable conditions for people to continue to maintain, create and enjoy the cultural values created by their own ethnic groups, at the same time creating material conditions for preserving and promoting cultural heritage through the construction of private museums, local museums, cultural houses or using advanced means.

to better preserve and maintain rich cultural values.

Besides the above positive impacts, the impact of the market economy also causes negative aspects in the process of preserving and promoting the cultural heritage of ethnic minorities in the Northeast region such as:

In the market economy, the purpose of profit has caused a part of ethnic minorities to degenerate, go against the gentle, honest, sincere, and simple nature of their people. There has been a phenomenon of illegal production, business, and trade, destroying the natural environment. Jealousy, envy, unhealthy competition, and mutual destruction have replaced traditional moral values such as solidarity, affection, love, care, and mutual assistance...

The market economy has made life more vibrant and hurried, a part of the people only focus on economic development and profit making, gradually forgetting to practice traditional cultural values. That is also part of the reason why traditional cultural values are fading away, absent in the lives of the people.

Under the impact of the market economy, many anti-cultural factors have arisen. In response to the stimulation of the new, especially the youth of ethnic minorities, they quickly approached and adopted anti-cultural factors such as decadent, debauched lifestyles, indifferent, apathetic, irresponsible lifestyles, valuing money, debauchery... gradually abandoning the good traditional cultural values of their own ethnic groups. At the same time, there arose the consciousness that traditional cultural values are backward, promoting and worshiping new cultural values.

The development of the market economy creates favorable conditions for the circulation of goods from the lowlands to the highlands. The diversity of Kinh goods along with industrially produced goods with eye-catching designs and reasonable prices has flooded the markets of ethnic minorities. Since then, ethnic minorities have chosen industrial goods to replace traditional products. This means that craft villages and traditional handicraft products have few conditions to survive and are gradually fading away. In addition, facing the Kinh people, a part of ethnic minorities always have an inferiority complex, feeling self-conscious, and afraid to practice the traditional cultural values of their ethnic groups.

I think it is outdated, over time, these cultural values will also fade away and lose their place in people's lives.

Thus, under the impact of the market economy, on the one hand, it creates favorable conditions for the traditional cultural values of ethnic minorities to be preserved and promoted better. On the other hand, it also gives rise to anti-cultural factors, hybridizing and changing good traditional cultural values and the risk of fading away and gradually disappearing tangible and intangible cultural values in the lives of ethnic minorities in the Northeast region.

Globalization and international integration also have a two-sided impact on the preservation and promotion of ethnic cultural heritage in general and ethnic cultural heritage of the Northeast region in particular. However, for the Northeast region, this impact has not occurred widely across regions but mainly in urban areas and border areas, while remote, isolated areas with complex terrain, fragmented traffic, and poor infrastructure are less affected.

The positive impact of globalization and international integration has helped ethnic minorities, mainly in areas with convenient transportation, attract international investment in production and consumption of their unique indigenous products, invest in exploiting and developing cultural tourism, enhance exchanges, learn from production and business experiences, broaden people's knowledge, and improve their material and spiritual life. On the other hand, it creates conditions for ethnic minorities to access new and progressive cultural flows in the region and the world. From there, selectively absorb to supplement, renew, and develop traditional culture to suit modern society, enriching the culture of their ethnic groups while overcoming backwardness and inappropriateness in their traditional culture.

Besides the above positive aspects, the negative side of globalization and international integration has transformed and hybridized many traditional cultural values of ethnic minorities. Many traditional cultural values are at risk of disappearing because young people are imitating new things imported from outside in an uncontrolled and unselective manner, while praising and promoting foreign cultures, being indifferent and turning their backs on traditional cultural values. Unhealthy lifestyles that are foreign to ethnic minorities are dissolute, heartless, and indifferent lifestyles.

The sentiment and materialism of a segment of the urban youth are spreading to the border areas. Many moral values are being disregarded in the face of the attack of anti-cultural and anti-progressive elements introduced in the process of globalization and international integration. All of these are posing the risk of fading away and disappearing a culture rich in ethnic minorities in the Northeast.

Chapter 2 Summary

Culture is a system of values created by humans during the historical process. In culture, there are characteristic, essential, core values that are sustainable and create BSVH. BSVH is always associated with a certain ethnic group with its own characteristics in terms of natural conditions, historical circumstances, and socio-economic conditions, and it is the basis for distinguishing this ethnic group from other ethnic groups, and is the identity card or identity card of ethnic groups in the process of exchange and integration.

The cultural heritage of ethnic minorities in the Northeast is extremely rich, diverse and unique, determined by the characteristics of geographical conditions, natural environment, historical circumstances and socio-economic conditions of mountainous areas. The richness and diversity in the cultural heritage of ethnic minorities in the Northeast is expressed through the nuances of tangible culture (traditional residential architecture, costumes, cuisine) and intangible culture (language, customs, festivals, indigenous knowledge and folk art and cultural treasures). In the richness and diversity are the typical, essential, core values, and common values hidden deep in those cultural nuances.

The process of preserving and promoting the cultural heritage of ethnic minorities in the Northeast region is carried out to preserve and promote the core values, the essence, the things that create the endogenous strength for the ethnic minorities here to exist and develop. The method of preserving and promoting tangible cultural values and intangible cultural values is carried out in both static states (preserving through the system of professional conservation and museums; recording in books, copying, photographing in videos, audios...) and dynamic states carried out in the daily life of the ethnic minority communities in the Northeast region.

In the process of preserving and promoting the cultural heritage of ethnic minorities in the Northeast region, they have been affected by objective and subjective factors. However, in the current context, the impact of the market economy is considered the most direct and strongest factor in both positive and negative directions.

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