Domestic Research Projects

Assessments aimed at promoting and facilitating investment activities focus on financial benefits to promote FDI in sectors and regions, including special economic zones; ease of protection of claims; facilitation of approval processes and acceleration of patent projects.

Low-carbon foreign investment also includes FDI for access to low-carbon technologies, processes and products. Low-carbon foreign investment can include: the introduction of low-carbon processes that reduce emissions in the production of goods. This includes upgrading cross-border cooperation activities and related enterprises and their global value chains.

Low-carbon products and services reduce CO2 emissions during use. Low-carbon products include electric cars, energy-saving products and integrated transport systems. Low-carbon services include technological solutions that restructure processes to limit emissions at local businesses.

Looking beyond foreign investment, low-carbon foreign investment is and will become necessary. This activity offers advantages and benefits in each FDI package, which are access to advanced technology, especially in energy efficiency and other input factors, as well as export opportunities in key industries.

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The 2011 World Investment Report Non-equity Modes Of International Production And Development ,[112] predicts that, regardless of economic shocks, FDI flows will recover to pre-crisis levels over the next two years. This poses a challenge to efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Global FDI flows rose to $1.24 trillion in 2010, but remained 15% below the pre-crisis average. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development estimates that global FDI will recover to pre-crisis levels in 2011, rising from $1.4 to $1.5 trillion.

1.6 trillion US dollars, and reached the 2007 level in 2013. This positive signal, barring unexpected shocks to the global economy, could increase the number of existing risk factors.

FDI policies interact continuously with sectoral, national and transnational policies. The challenge is to manage this interaction so that the two policies can work together for mutual development. Striking the balance between building domestic productivity growth and avoiding trade and investment protectionism is key to enhancing international cooperation.

The 2012 World Investment Report Towards A New Generation Of Investment Policies ,[114] shows the positive contributions of cooperation between foreign enterprises and host economies, notably Africa, in terms of added value such as employment and income, income tax, exports and capital. These figures also show the countries that receive less of the contributions of FDI, confirming that the issue lies in optimizing the positive impacts and minimizing the negative impacts of FDI.

Many countries have continued to liberalize and promote foreign direct investment in many industries to achieve strong growth in 2011. In the same year, new tightening policies were also introduced. They have been effective in discouraging foreign investors in the fields of agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and mining industry.

The positive impacts of FDI on development are not specific. And the impacts of FDI are also negative. Thus, it is necessary to have policies to minimize risks in investment cooperation. Although laws and regulations specify the responsibilities of investors, they also have a significant impact on cooperation activities, decisions and business behaviors. The government can build a comprehensive legal framework and optimize the benefits from these investment activities. The effectiveness of policies is reflected through the parties, the recipient and the exporter of FDI, both optimizing benefits and minimizing risks.

According to the 2013 World Investment Report Global Value Chains: Investment And Trade For Development ,[115] nearly one-third of global FDI earnings were reinvested in host countries, with the remaining two-thirds repatriated. This reinvestment was highest in developing countries, and was an important source of finance.

FDI flows to developing regions saw a slight decline in 2012, but there were some positive signs. Africa contributed to this trend with a 5% increase in foreign investment to $50 billion. The growth in foreign direct investment was concentrated in the extractive industry, consumer goods manufacturing and services sectors. FDI flows continued to flow to low-income countries such as Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam.

National investment policymakers are increasingly formulating new development strategies. Most governments want to attract foreign investors as a means of building productive capacity and sustainable development. At the same time, many countries are strengthening the legal environment for foreign investors, creating more industrial policies in key sectors, tightening management and reducing mergers and acquisitions. However, protectionism always comes with risks.

The global economy today is shaped by global value chains (GVCs), in which basic goods and services are traded through globally dispersed production processes. These value chains are coordinated by multinational corporations (TNCs). However, the operation of value chains is not without risks. These risks can be mitigated by creating more value. In addition, environmental and social impacts including working conditions and occupational safety can be negative.

Thus, policy makers need to create a legal framework that can both protect investors, workers, and stakeholders, and minimize risks through continuous innovation and improvement.

science and technology, quality labor and an open market. Above all, sustainable development orientation always goes hand in hand with the goals in foreign direct investment activities.

1.1.2. Domestic research projects

Stemming from the important role of FDI in socio-economic development, in Vietnam since 1987, when the first Foreign Investment Law came into effect, there have been many valuable academic research works and summaries of foreign investment practices in Vietnam on attracting foreign direct investment.

Notable books on foreign direct investment include:

Author Nguyen Trong Tuan in the book Foreign Direct Investment and the Industrialization and Modernization in Vietnam [14] has clarified some essential relationships of foreign direct investment and some of its impacts on the economic and social development of Vietnam in general, especially on the cause of industrialization and modernization (in particular). On that basis, he has proposed some new recommendations on viewpoints, policies and main solutions to attract and effectively use foreign direct investment to serve the industrialization and modernization in the coming time.

Tran Xuan Tung in Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam - Current Situation and Solutions [15] analyzed the objective role and position of FDI in the cause of socio-economic development of Vietnam, highlighted the successes as well as the main limitations in attracting and using FDI capital in the current situation; on that basis, proposed some basic solutions to promote stronger attraction and more effective use of this important foreign resource. In addition, the appendix provides you with the views and policies of the Party and State on attracting and using FDI capital through the congresses.

Authors Tran Quang Lam and An Nhu Hai in the book Foreign-invested economy in Vietnam today [81], have systematized the basic issues of foreign-invested economy in the socialist-oriented market economy, clarifying the important role of this economic sector.

in our country's economy and propose solutions to continue economic development

FDI capital in our country in the coming time.

Author Le Xuan Ba in the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Vietnam [1], presented and analyzed foreign direct investment in Vietnam, the role of the foreign-invested sector in the economy, the theoretical basis of the impact of FDI on growth, the impact of FDI on growth through investment channels, and the spillover effects of foreign direct investment.

Authors Vo Thanh Thu, Ngo Thi Ngoc Huyen and Nguyen Cuong in the book Foreign Direct Investment Techniques [82] provided scientific and systematic instructions on foreign direct investment techniques such as the role of international investment, international institutions affecting Vietnam's investment environment, official development assistance - a special form of international investment, international bidding, international technology transfer, transfer in international investment activities, investment project appraisal, management mechanism of foreign direct investment activities in Vietnam, forms of foreign direct investment, procedures for implementing foreign direct investment in Vietnam, etc.

Author Do Duc Binh in the monograph Investment of transnational corporations (TNCs) in Vietnam [2], presented from the concept of international investment to the concept of FDI, TNCs, the role of TNCs in the world economy, and experience in attracting investment from TNCs in some countries. Through research and analysis of the current situation of attracting FDI in general and from TNCs in particular in Vietnam in the period of 1988 - 2004, the book has summarized some contributions of FDI to socio-economic aspects in Vietnam such as actively participating in economic growth, creating jobs, production and export, diversifying and upgrading equipment and technology. Besides, the book also pointed out some negative impacts such as conflicts with the general strategic goals and socio-economic development of Vietnam; taking advantage of capital and technology to manipulate in joint ventures, putting pressure on state management agencies. From there, the book also suggests

Proposing viewpoints and solutions to increase FDI attraction and effective use

of TNCs for Vietnam.

Author Hoang Thi Bich Loan and colleagues in the book Attracting direct investment of transnational companies in Vietnam [6], mentioned some positive impacts of TNCs on the industrialization and modernization process of Vietnam such as capital supplementation, economic restructuring, increasing the competitiveness of the economy and enterprises in international economic integration, impact on building a socialist-oriented market economy, creating jobs, developing human resources, international economic integration, improving technology level... Besides, the book also mentioned the negative impacts of FDI of transnational companies on Vietnam and the causes, at the same time proposed some solutions to increase the attraction and effective use of FDI of TNCs such as improving the investment environment, enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of State management, creating domestic investment partners, developing human resources.

Author Dang Hoang Thanh Nga in Foreign Direct Investment of US Transnational Corporations in Vietnam [8], mentioned the issue of attracting FDI of US TNCs to Vietnam in the period of 1995 - 2011, pointed out some impacts on capital sources, growth and economic restructuring, import and export, technology transfer, job creation, global spread, political and environmental impacts. From there, he proposed some policy suggestions on improving the investment environment, advertising and promotion, creating joint partners, improving the quality of human resources to increase FDI attraction of US TNCs to Vietnam.

Author Nguyen Tan Vinh in Foreign Direct Investment in the Economic Restructuring Process of Ho Chi Minh City [23], from presenting a general overview of some theoretical issues about FDI such as concepts, characteristics, types, and concepts of economic structure and economic restructuring, the book presented and analyzed the channels of influence of FDI on the economic restructuring of the industry such as the impact on economic growth of the industry; technology transfer contributes to economic growth of the industry; the role of FDI in the source of

human resources, labor; interaction with domestic investment capital; external effects from productivity; export effects. The book also analyzes the current status of FDI's impact on the process of economic restructuring and internal economic restructuring of the industrial sector of Ho Chi Minh City in the period of 2001-2010 and draws an assessment of the uneven impact of FDI on the growth of sectors in the general economic structure of the industry and the economic structure of the industrial sector in the city in particular. From there, the book has mentioned a number of issues for FDI in the economic restructuring of Ho Chi Minh City such as high-skilled labor, infrastructure, supporting industry, raw material sources, the city's FDI attraction strategy, etc. and proposed a number of solutions to promote the economic restructuring of the industry through FDI in Ho Chi Minh City such as improving the effectiveness of state management of FDI, improving the investment environment, perfecting planning, diversifying and improving the effectiveness of investment promotion activities for FDI seeking markets, regional linkages to attract FDI seeking resources; developing supporting industries, human resources, etc. to attract FDI seeking effectively.

Author Phung Xuan Nha in the monograph Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam: Theory and Practice [9], mentioned the concept, form of foreign direct investment, many theories explaining the causes of foreign direct investment, including traditional theories and new theories on internationalization of production, analyzing factors affecting FDI, policies and measures to attract FDI in Vietnam. Through analyzing the current situation of FDI attraction in Vietnam in the period of 1988 - 2011, the book presented the impacts of FDI on Vietnam's development, expressed through positive impacts on economic growth, additional investment capital and international balance of payments, technology transfer and development, human resource development and job creation, export promotion, industrial linkage, other impacts, special impacts and impacts on national sovereignty. In analyzing the impact of FDI, the book also points out some undesirable effects such as increasing the economy's dependence on

FDI has a negative impact on the ecological environment due to the use of outdated technology, leading to the formation of monopolies, preventing competition, increasing the gap between rich and poor... The book also argues that the level of positive or negative impact of FDI depends on the policies and development conditions of the FDI receiving country, thereby giving some policy suggestions such as increasing FDI attraction when domestic accumulation capacity is low, developing infrastructure, services, training, specific strict regulations for FDI in the fields of nutrition, health, pharmaceuticals, advertising, having appropriate policies to overcome brain drain, excessive labor exploitation, market protection...

In addition, there have been many economic LATS focusing on research on foreign direct investment.

foreign relations and its impact on socio-economic development, such as:

Tran Anh Phuong in his thesis Some solutions to increase the attraction of direct investment capital from G7 countries to Vietnam , analyzed and evaluated the results of attracting FDI from G7 countries to Vietnam in the period 1988-2002, pointing out the achievements, limitations, causes and solutions [11].

Ngo Thu Ha in her thesis on Foreign Investment Attraction Policy in China and the Possibility of Application in Vietnam , assessed the two-sided impact of FDI. In addition to positive impacts such as supplementing capital sources, promoting technology application, developing human resources, management experience, promoting foreign trade, and shifting economic structure, FDI also has negative impacts such as reducing the rate of accumulation and domestic investment, causing pressure on domestic enterprises to go bankrupt, creating technological dependence, transferring to the FDI importing country technologies that pollute the environment, causing brain drain from other enterprises to FDI enterprises [3].

Bui Thuy Van in her thesis Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) with the shift in export structure in the Northern Delta region, assessed the impact of FDI on foreign trade growth of FDI importing countries. However, the impact of FDI on export growth is two-sided, if FDI instead has the goal of expanding consumption abroad, will it have an impact?

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