Develop and organize the exploitation of traffic infrastructure well, combine the redistribution of population and some agencies

- To protect groundwater resources, the City needs to have measures to exploit and use groundwater economically and effectively. Eliminate the subsidy mechanism in providing clean water. Strengthen propaganda and education to improve understanding, awareness of saving and participation in water management of Hanoi people.

Solutions to limit solid waste pollution:

- Solid waste from households or production facilities must be classified at source.

- Invest in and build waste recycling plants; Increase investment in vehicles (mechanical, sweepers, garbage compactors) to replace manual vehicles.

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- Testing and expanding the privatization of environmental sanitation in inner-city neighborhoods and newly urbanized areas.

- Amend and supplement some types of collected fees: such as garbage collection fees, waste treatment fees for each type of waste and each fee-paying entity.

3.3.4.4. Suburban rural development

Developing rural areas towards urbanization and new rural construction, increasing investment in technical infrastructure commensurate with new rural areas on the outskirts of Hanoi. Forming centers for craft village tourism and eco-tourism. Agricultural production towards clean technology based on replicating farm models in Dong Anh and Soc Son. Gradually shifting the economic structure and labor structure towards increasing the proportion of services and industry, reducing the economic and social gap between inner city and suburbs.

Specific solutions: strengthen planning, identify stable agricultural areas, train human resources for suburban areas. Develop policies to encourage rural economic development, create jobs for workers, especially those whose land is reclaimed during the urbanization process, encourage farmers to "leave agriculture but not their hometowns" to reduce population pressure on the inner city. Develop craft villages and preserve cultural relics to form tourist areas to contribute to economic restructuring.

3.3.4.5. Strengthening land management

Improve land ownership and use relations. The city government needs to promptly issue land use right certificates and house ownership certificates to households and businesses to contribute to promoting the development of a more efficient and transparent land and housing market.

Reduce restrictions on the purchase, sale, exchange, transfer, and auction of urban land use rights, thereby creating favorable conditions for construction and housing development enterprises to operate more effectively. At the same time, the city government should also make full use of the existing land fund, allowing land conversion in some areas for use needs that bring higher investment efficiency (for example, housing, offices, industrial parks). However, the State should not allow the entire land market to be liberalized because it will lead to speculative activities that increase land prices.

Early completion of master plans and detailed plans on urban space development, plans for implementing these plans and public announcement to avoid social waste, and at the same time perfect the system of regulations and standards for urban architecture and construction in the new period.

Complete the land and housing tax calculation system in Hanoi to serve the activities of site clearance, investment in housing construction, concentrated industrial zones, etc. to increase revenue for the city budget.

3.3.4.6. Innovation in housing sector management policy

Encourage businesses to invest, build, and develop housing; reduce limits on construction density to create conditions for businesses to build more housing and reduce housing costs, contributing to solving the current housing shortage.

Innovate and improve the credit system for housing development investment. Firstly, the regulations and procedures for providing credit to housing construction and development enterprises need to be clear, transparent and simplified to reduce waiting time. The amount of credit loaned must be large, the loan period must be long-term. Secondly, provide

Providing credit to households wishing to buy a house with favorable terms and simpler procedures.

Encourage all economic sectors to participate in housing development business in accordance with the law and have preferential policies, creating favorable conditions (on taxes, fees, credit, infrastructure, rewards, etc.) for businesses to innovate techniques and methods of building low-cost housing to provide housing for low-income households.

Continue to promote the process of selling off state-owned houses, thereby creating conditions for households to upgrade and repair their houses, reducing the burden on the state budget.

Legalize houses and land for households that meet the conditions: in accordance with planning, no disputes, and at the same time collect a tax/fee/fine for the city budget. Households can pay this tax/fee/fine for many years. This revenue can be reinvested by the city government to renovate and upgrade the quality of infrastructure in slum areas. Once recognized by the government, households will feel secure in investing all resources to improve the quality of housing.

Strengthen and enhance the management capacity of competent authorities in the field of housing and land.

The above solutions need to be implemented and coordinated synchronously to achieve high efficiency in urban land and housing management.

3.3.4.7. Strengthening domestic and international integration

Hanoi capital is the national political and administrative center; a major center of culture, science, education, economy and transactions of the whole country. To maintain sustainable development in the Hanoi capital region and ensure regional growth, solutions are needed to reduce population concentration and urban functions for Hanoi. If we continue to concentrate economic and social functions in Hanoi, the city will become increasingly congested in traffic and will not promote development in neighboring areas, leading to an increase in economic and social disparities.

Hanoi will play an important role in the Southeast Asian and Asia-Pacific regions in terms of economic, cultural and environmental issues. Hanoi's role in the region will increase as the economy continues to grow and integrate into international markets. The movement of goods and passengers across borders and between localities in the country will increase. Hanoi is the center of Northern Vietnam, connecting all provinces in the country as well as with the Central and Southern regions and enhancing cross-border coordination with countries in the region such as China and Laos and with other countries.

Establishing growth corridors connecting Hanoi with the region and the area, and enhancing comprehensive integration with urban areas in the region and the area are objective requirements for Hanoi:

Functional integration : Satellite towns with clearly complementary strategic functions to Hanoi need to be developed effectively within a radius of 50 – 100 km.

Spatial integration : Satellite cities need to be connected to Hanoi and to each other by effective transport networks and information systems.

Socio-economic and environmental integration : Hanoi and satellite cities need to ensure the maintenance of agricultural development, environmental sustainability, and strengthen coordination with each other on socio-economic issues such as water supply, solid waste management, transportation, education, labor and employment.

3.3.4.8. Develop and organize the exploitation of traffic infrastructure well, combined with redistribution of population and some agencies.

Strengthening urban transport infrastructure is a regular task arising from the requirements of urban development. Modern public transport systems such as buses and subways in Hanoi need to be implemented soon. However, to develop the city's transport infrastructure, a huge amount of financial resources is needed. Cooperation with foreign organizations is essential.

Traffic safety organization and management is a fundamental content in urban traffic. Different traffic management measures include:

1) Controlling motorization: Mandatory registration of parking spaces for vehicle owners; Scientific control and organization of traffic; Increasing taxes on ownership and use of vehicles (through collection of gasoline and oil fees).

2) Efficient use of roads: Prohibit illegal parking and vending; Improve intersections and traffic signals; Control traffic flow (no mixing).

3) Issue traffic safety measures: Eliminate black spots of traffic accidents; Strengthen traffic law enforcement; Improve the education system on traffic laws.

4) Develop an efficient parking system: Plan parking development; Impose parking fees and establish a parking development fund; Prepare parking related guidelines for construction sites, commercial complexes, agencies etc.

5) Capacity building: Training traffic police / traffic inspectors / traffic engineers / traffic safety committees; Improving design standards of works, improving the effectiveness of traffic planning.

In addition, it is necessary to develop transportation combined with policies to encourage the movement of agencies and universities to suburban areas, reducing traffic density in inner-city areas.

3.3.4.9. Expanding capital sources and policies for urban development funding

+ Expanding capital sources for urban development by: (1) expanding revenue sources from the private and foreign sectors including foreign direct investment (FDI) and official development assistance (ODA); (2) optimizing existing capital sources and

(3) Implement effective capital management.

+ Improve urban management and development to enhance the overall economic efficiency of the city and make land and housing more accessible to people.

+ Focus on developing information/communication technology at all levels from central to district/county and commune/ward.

+ Increase capital mobilization from the private sector and residents on the basis of socializing infrastructure construction work in residential groups.

Urban development funding policy

Financing urban development projects can be done through capital sources allocated for development from the state budget, local budget, private capital and foreign investment capital, including foreign direct investment (FDI) and official development assistance (ODA).

Along with ODA and FDI capital, the city needs to:

1) Expand revenue sources: Apply user fees and service fees to offset operating costs and maintain the provision of urban services.

2) Optimize existing capital resources: Apply innovative project implementation methods such as public-private partnerships, private finance initiatives, and special purpose tax revenues

3) Developing long-term borrowing capacity: Developing the issuance of local bonds, project bonds and many other forms.

Good capital management will help the city have a solid foundation to mobilize necessary capital sources from the market on a long-term basis to meet capital needs for urban development projects.

3.3.4.10. Improving urban management capacity and efficiency

Improving management capacity and efficiency is a regular solution but needs to be done immediately, at the same time it is also a requirement of the urbanization process. Any solution can only be implemented when urban management is effective, to do so, management capacity reaches a certain level. To improve management capacity and efficiency, it is necessary to solve two basic contents: the problem of organizational structure and improving staff capacity. In those two basic contents, please divide into the following 4 issues.

(1) Innovation in thinking, building a new management model: Building a new management model is objectively necessary. Determining the basic characteristics of the model will be the basis for determining the structure, functions, and powers of urban government levels. We believe that the urban management model in the coming period needs to have the following characteristics:

- Focusing urban management on managing the legal environment and foreign affairs: Urban authorities create a favorable legal corridor for businesses to operate. Increase the competitiveness of urban areas, attract external resources such as investment capital, technical labor, etc.

- Indirect management of production and business activities of enterprises, organizations and individuals: Through the movement of the market, urban authorities apply laws and economic tools to regulate production activities of subjects of the urban economy. Tax, price, interest rate and investment policies are tools to regulate, encourage or restrict the development of economic sectors.

- The state economic sector plays a complementary role. The urban government only participates in social activities, providing common social services such as defense, security, health, education, etc.

(2) Innovating the organizational structure, defining the functions, tasks, powers and contents of State administrative management of urban government levels.

To have an effective urban government apparatus, it is necessary to identify the gaps.

management levels, functional departments within a management level; determine the relationships between different management levels, functional departments and select the most suitable and qualified staff.

The current model of urban administrative apparatus still has many characteristics of the subsidy mechanism and centralized planning: many levels, many doors and dispersion. The method of operation and management is still independent, closed, administrative command, not having the chain and synchronous nature of modern management methods.

Strengthening innovation in organization as well as organization methods as well as management and administration methods of urban government will be the driving force in the process of innovation and urbanization. The issues raised for innovation of Hanoi's management apparatus are:

- How many levels of management does the urban organization need and how many functional departments and specialized departments does each management level need to have? Requirements

The basic requirement for the management apparatus at each level is to complete its tasks in the management area with its own characteristics.

- Between management levels and between functional departments of the same management level, it is necessary to establish what relationships to ensure the apparatus operates synchronously and effectively. The main relationships are: the relationship between the upper management level and the lower management level; the relationship between the leader and the led; the relationship between functional departments of the same management level.

- Determining the components and parts of the apparatus is the selection of personnel with qualities and abilities suitable to the job requirements to put into the apparatus, making the apparatus operate effectively.

(3) Improve the qualifications, capacity and professional knowledge of officials and employees in the urban administrative apparatus.

Regularly sending cadres and civil servants in the urban management apparatus to training and fostering to improve their capacity and qualifications in all aspects is a condition to streamline the organizational apparatus and expand the management scope of each cadre and civil servant. Quickly apply the achievements of information technology to management activities.

(4) Institutional improvement: Institutional improvement aims to strengthen the role of urban government, facilitate urban development and urban services, not just simply be a supplier. The key issue is to strengthen the public-private partnership model in the field of urban development and service provision.

Vietnam's economy is developing according to a socialist-oriented market economy, so the urban government needs to create conditions for the private sector to participate more.

3.4. SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 3

From the theoretical research in chapter 1 and the actual level of urbanization in Hanoi and Vietnam (analysis results in chapter 2) chapter 3, the thesis has proposed urban development perspectives and solutions for effective urbanization in Vietnam and Hanoi. Perspectives, orientations and solutions for urbanization

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