In terms of primary responsibility for pig and poultry farming, up to 86.9% of respondents said that in their families, the wife is the one who does most of this work, while the rate for the husband is 11.6%. In terms of aquaculture and seafood farming such as shrimp, crab, and fish, on the contrary, women participate less than men. The rate of women doing a lot is 20.2%, while men do a lot is 44.2%. However, for livestock and large livestock farming, such as buffalo, cows, and goats, the difference between men and women is not large, with 36.4% of women doing a lot and 39.1% of men doing a lot. [4, p. 156]
Regarding service activities , the gender division of labor is very clear. Men mainly do services that require muscle strength or work with machines, such as plowing, transporting. The proportion of respondents who said that the husband is the one who mainly does this type of work is 63.6%, while the wife is 6.5%. In contrast, trading and food services are mainly undertaken by wives at a rate of 81.6%, while the husband participates less, 17.5%. The work in the small-scale handicraft group including embroidery, knitting, construction, and carpentry has the participation of 19.7% of wives (mainly embroidery, knitting), and 65.9% of husbands (mainly construction and carpentry). There are many reasons why women account for an almost absolute proportion in small-scale trading and services. The people involved themselves have their own explanations; however, it is not beyond what society expects of women. [4, p. 157]
Regarding fishing activities , the survey showed that jobs related to catching aquatic and marine products are mainly done by men, while women mainly process and sell products. Specifically, 95.5% of respondents said that men are the main ones in charge of catching, while only 9.1% of women participate as the main workers. On the contrary, 100% of respondents confirmed that women are the main ones in charge of processing, along with the participation of 50% of men. This result is also consistent with a study on the division of labor in fishing households, according to which men are mainly responsible for catching, while women are responsible for selling products. [4, p. 158]
In forestry activities , most of the forest-related work is done by men, especially in land preparation and planting.
Forestry, with the percentage of husbands being the main workers being 77.1% and 78.8%, while the corresponding percentages for wives are 20.9% and 20.5%. In the exploitation of secondary forest products, the percentage of women being the main workers is higher at 36.4%; however, it is still lower than that of men at 48.2%. [4, p. 158]
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The analysis results of the 5 types of production and business above show that the husband and wife participate in most stages; however, there is a clear difference in the level of implementation in each type of work; in which, each person, husband and wife, mainly do different jobs.
According to a 2005 survey, the division of daily time between men and women in urban and rural areas is as follows:
In rural areas:
Man:
- Paid working hours: 8.30 hours
- Eating and resting: 5:00 p.m.
- Sleep: 10.00 hours
Woman:
- Paid working hours: 8.45 hours
- Eating and resting: 1.25 hours
- Sleep: 8.00 hours
In urban areas: Men :
- Paid working hours: 8.36 hours
- Eating and resting: 6.48 hours
- Sleep: 7.19 hours
Woman:
- Paid working hours: 8.50 hours
- Eating and resting: 3.32 hours
- Sleep: 6.15 hours
[62, pp. 56-57]
The above rates show that women in rural areas as well as in urban areas have to work harder than men in the family. The husband spends less time working to earn money than the wife, has more time to rest and sleeps more. That is why the husband's health has a chance to recover faster than the wife's. Therefore, it is a fact that men are healthier and stay young longer even though the husband may be older than the wife. Women, who are inherently weaker in health, have to work more and rest less, so their health recovers less, especially after giving birth, their health declines significantly and they age quickly. Women in the city also have the conditions to take care of their health, go to relax, rest, and beautify themselves, so their health and beauty will be somewhat restored; while women in the countryside, due to lack of conditions, have to accept the fact that they are getting older and weaker.
Division of labor between husband and wife, between men and women is the clearest expression of the position and role of men and women in the family as well as in society. The process of economic thinking innovation and the national action program for the advancement of women of the Party and State have helped us realize the very important role of the family, family economy, and women in the cause of "Rich people, strong country, fair, democratic, civilized society". The product contracting mechanism has made the family an autonomous production unit. On the other hand, the flexibility in time and place of work has attracted both men and women, adults and children to participate in household economic activities. There seems to be no difference in the labor roles of men and women. In the administrative and career sectors, if both husband and wife are salaried employees, they must undertake and be responsible for the assigned work. However, it must be seen that the competitiveness of female workers in the labor market is weaker than that of men. In the rural sector, through interviews, many women also said that there is no distinction, what men do, we do, they hold the plow, we hold the hoe, both men and women have to do it, many women have become good economic workers, some are even better than men...
Although there is no difference in the role of each gender in production activities, there is a difference in the nature of each gender's labor. Due to differences in biological structure, men are usually stronger and often undertake heavy work (plowing, harrowing, digging, spraying pesticides), women often undertake planting, transplanting, caring, weeding, harvesting, selling products and other jobs that are often done by the whole family, both men and women. Thus, in agricultural production, women do more types of work than men. When fields are not yet mechanized, the economic structure is slow to change, in purely agricultural areas where men go to towns and cities to find work, women will have a harder time because they have to do everything. It can be seen that the market economy, on the one hand, brings significant progress to family income; on the other hand, it also increases the intensity of women's labor, greatly affecting women's health.
2.2.2.3. Decision making in the family
Decision-making power is an important indicator of the status and power of husband and wife in the family. Each family has many tasks and not all tasks are equally important. The study of decision-making models here focuses only on the major family tasks. Families often have some major tasks such as: buying expensive furniture, relationships within the family and with relatives, community activities, children's education, number of children, use of contraception, production and business.
The results of data analysis show that the wife often has the right to decide on some matters, the husband often decides on some other matters, and in some matters, the decision-making power of both husband and wife is equal. Notably, in many matters, the option of husband and wife discussing and deciding together is chosen by many people, which is the option of husband and wife being equal. However, the level of discussion and decision-making varies in specific matters; for example, 75.7% said they decided on the number of children together; 61.1% decided on their children's education together; 61.1% decided on family and kinship relationships together. For
In the case of buying expensive furniture, the rate of joint decision-making is 57.1%; in the case of production and business, it is 39.5%, lower than in other jobs. Some jobs have a small percentage of other people deciding, here mainly grandparents in three-generation families. [4, pp. 162-163]
In addition to the fact that both husband and wife make decisions together, in general, the husband has a higher say than the wife in most specific matters, except for the use of contraceptives and the education of children. For example, when it comes to buying expensive items, 9.1% said that the wife has more decision-making power, while the rate for the husband is 26.7%. The corresponding rates for handling family and kinship relationships are 11.7% and 23.2%, and for production and business are 12.3% and 19.4%. Regarding the use of contraceptives, 39.6% said that the wife makes more decisions, while the rate for the husband is 9%.[4, pp. 163-164]. This result shows that in addition to the manifestations of equality, in decision-making, there is also the influence of each person's power. Equality is shown in the rate of both husband and wife making decisions together, accounting for the majority of most major matters in the family. The higher power of a person is shown in the husband's voice still having the decisive say in some matters such as shopping, business production, family relations, while the wife has a say in matters such as using contraceptives, children's education or number of children.
Decision making in rural and urban families
If we look at the voice of wives in rural and urban households, there are significant differences. In urban areas, the proportion of wives who “make more decisions” is always higher than in rural areas on most different tasks, except for the use of contraception, where they are similar.
Considering the husband’s voice alone, the survey results also show that the proportion of husbands in rural areas who “make more decisions” about family matters is higher than in urban areas, especially in production and business, kinship relations and community activities. The difference in decision-making power between urban and rural women is higher than that between urban and rural men. For example,
For example, in production and business, 17.6% of wives in urban families and 8.9% in rural families have more decision-making power, the difference here is 1.9 times in favor of urban wives. Meanwhile, the corresponding rates of husbands in urban and rural areas are 13.2% and 24.3%, the difference is 1.3 times in favor of rural husbands. Thus, the conditions of urban women such as education, occupation... along with the characteristics of production and business organization in urban areas have had a clear impact on women's decision-making power in the family.
From the above figures it shows :
In Vietnamese families, women often have to work harder than men, but they do not have much power to decide on family matters, and their voice does not carry much weight. This may be due to:
Firstly , there is also backwardness in perception. The idea of male superiority over female inferiority has been heavy in social consciousness for many centuries. Nowadays, although the old social regime has been abolished, some backward ideas (including the idea of looking down on women) still exist quite commonly in society, especially in rural areas, deeply ingrained in the subconscious of both men and women. Gender stereotypes have become an obstacle to the implementation of gender equality in Vietnam today. Women must take on any work that is considered trivial and ordinary in the family in addition to labor activities to generate income, while men only do the big things such as: buying buffaloes, getting married, building houses... In fact, women's work is very time-consuming and labor-intensive.
Second , the implementation of policies and laws for the advancement of women still has many shortcomings. All levels, sectors and organizations have not paid due attention to thoroughly implementing gender perspectives in local socio-economic development programs. Gender has not really been brought into the mainstream, women are seen as disadvantaged subjects, not as a human resource that needs to be promoted.
Third , in areas and regions that are slow to develop in terms of economy, culture, education, and services; especially rural areas, we have not yet been able to improve.
improve and enhance the lives of people in all aspects, especially women. When the socio-economy is still underdeveloped, women and girls are always disadvantaged, still discriminated against in the family and lag behind men in society.
2.2.3. Equality in culture, education and health care for women
2.2.3.1. Parental education of children in the family
Teaching and disciplining children is a task that is not directly related to children's learning, but is often closely related and is a prerequisite for good learning. Survey data shows that wives often do this work more than husbands; however, the difference is not high, the rate of both husband and wife participating is quite high, specifically 50% in urban areas, 60% in rural areas. [4, p. 186]. It can be seen that teaching and disciplining children is of great concern to families and there is a fairly equal sharing of responsibility between fathers and mothers in this responsibility for their children. However, the rate of mothers doing this work is higher than that of fathers, despite different living standards and educational levels, showing that the gender gap in the division of labor must continue to be overcome.
Parent-teacher conferences demonstrate parents' interest in their children's school life. This is the most common form of school-family connection. The general trend among family groups is that mothers participate more actively: in urban areas, 52.8% and 26.5%; in rural areas, 47.7% and 32.4%. [4, p. 177]
Helping and reminding children to study at home, for many families, seems to have become a habit, a traditional lifestyle. Nowadays, this habit may have been combined with the trend for achievement in education and learning in general. The results of data analysis show that this is a job that families are very interested in, specifically the implementation rate is approximately 100%. Mothers still do this more than fathers. However, the rate of fathers
and mothers doing this work together was much higher than the work of parent-teacher conferences, and the difference was insignificant between urban and rural areas: 37.4% in urban areas and 38.0% in rural areas. [4, p. 181]
Thus, in general, the mother still has more responsibility for educating children in the family than the father, regardless of their educational level, occupation, and living area...
2.2.3.2. Learning and improving qualifications
Education and training are considered as the premise and condition for improving the quality of human resources, directly contributing to the process of creating increasingly greater welfare. In the human resource development policy, the Communist Party of Vietnam affirms that "Education and training is the top national policy", and always creates opportunities and conditions for women to be equal to men in the field of education. But in reality, women are always disadvantaged compared to men, especially in rural areas.
Up to now, on a national scale, the issue of gender equality in education has had many new developments, contributing significantly to the cause of innovation, integration and development of the country. According to the data of the National Committee for the Advancement of Vietnamese Women, the current literacy rate of women is nearly 90%. The rate of primary school enrollment is almost universal; the gender gap in secondary education is constantly narrowing.
In recent years (from 1999 to 2005), the school attendance rate of students from primary to high school has generally increased, including the rate of female students: primary school is 47.3% female and 47.67% male; junior high school is 46.74% and 48.27%; high school is 46.77% female and 48.85% male. [81]. The rate of female students is relatively stable from 47.5% (primary school) to a slight increase in junior high school and a clear increase in high school (49.2%). [43, pp. 4-5].
Looking at the above ratio, it can be seen that gender equality in the field of education has made great progress, the gender gap is very small. However, according to analysis