Classification According to Transportation Use

Tourism, first of all, can be understood as the travel of individuals or groups of people leaving their residence to go to surrounding areas for sightseeing, rest, entertainment or medical treatment. In the past centuries, tourists were mostly pilgrims, traders, students and artists. At the beginning of the 20th century, tourism was still an activity of the wealthy, they traveled for entertainment.

According to Glusman (Switzerland, 1930), " Tourism is the conquest of space by people to a place where they do not have a permanent residence ."

The Hague Declaration (Netherlands) on tourism stated: “ Tourism is an essential activity of man and of modern society. For one thing, tourism has become an important form of using people's leisure time, and at the same time a means of communication in the relationship between people .”

Thus, first of all, tourism is understood as the activity of individuals or groups of people. Tourism is the phenomenon of people going to a place other than their usual place of residence for many different reasons, except for the purpose of earning money; at the same time, these people have to spend the money they earn elsewhere. Nowadays, it is agreed that basically

All forms of human movement within or outside the country, except political migration, employment and invasion, are tourism.

According to IIPirojnic (1985): “ Tourism is a form of people's leisure time activities related to temporary movement and stay outside their usual place of residence for the purpose of rest, entertainment, medical treatment, physical and mental development, cultural or sports awareness improvement accompanied by the consumption of natural, economic and cultural values ”.

The International Conference on Tourism Statistics in Canada (1991) defined: " Tourism is the activities of people traveling to a place outside their usual place of residence for a period of time less than the time specified by tourism organizations, the purpose of the trip is not to conduct activities to earn money within the area visited ". According to the Vietnam Tourism Law (2005): " Tourism is activities related to people's trips outside their usual place of residence to meet the needs of

visit, learn, entertain, relax for a certain period of time ».

1.1.2.2. Tourism is an economic sector.

In the beginning, tourism was the self-satisfaction of the needs of the traveler. The traveler had to take care of all the steps of his trip. In 1841, Thomas Cook organized a group tour by train, which opened the door to the birth of the tourism business. However, until the beginning of the 20th century, tourism was still mainly an individual activity, tourists had to take care of their own travel, accommodation, etc. After World War II, when the flow of tourists increased, meeting the needs of accommodation, entertainment, etc. became a business opportunity. On that basis, the tourism industry was formed and developed strongly.

Based on the above, tourism is also understood as an economic activity or a business sector. In this sense, tourism is all activities coordinated to satisfy the needs of tourists.

From an economic perspective, tourism can be defined as a comprehensive business industry that includes the following activities: organizing and guiding tours; producing and exchanging goods and services to meet the needs of tourists.

Thus, the concept of tourism represents the overall impact relationship of factors related to tourism activities: Tourism is the sum of phenomena and relationships arising from the mutual impact between tourists, tourism businesses, and governments.

local authorities and local communities in attracting and retaining tourists.

The subjects participating in the tourism process interact with each other; in which, tourists are the center of all tourism activities.

+ Tourists: tourism is expressed in needs and needs fulfillment (satisfaction).

+ Tourism business: tourism represents a business opportunity to make a profit through providing tourism services to tourists.

+ Local government: tourism creates local economic development (creates jobs, increases income, creates revenue sources...).

Tourists

Local population

Travel Business

+ Local residents: tourism is their "business" opportunity while tourists consider them as tourism objects (hospitality, cultural characteristics...).

Local government

The formula for tourism can be expressed as follows:

Travel = Travel + Accommodation, rest + Entertainment + Sightseeing, learning

From the above perspectives, tourism can be defined as follows: " Tourism is a set of diverse activities and services, related to the temporary movement of people away from their usual place of residence for the purpose of entertainment, rest, culture, recuperation... and generally for reasons other than earning a living " (UNWTO, 1994).

Conclusion: Tourism is a complex phenomenon, tourism is related to human leisure activities as well as economic activities serving that purpose. In the process of development, the content of the concept of tourism is constantly expanding. It is difficult to say which definition is the most accurate and complete. Which definition we choose will depend on the point of view, approach angle and purpose of use.

1.1.2. Types of tourism

Classifying tourism types helps identify the economic contributions as well as limitations of each type of tourism. On that basis, tourism management organizations will plan appropriate policies to encourage or restrict each type of tourism.

depending on the general development goals and policies of a region, locality or country.

Classifying tourism types is the basis for marketing activities of destinations and tourism businesses. Each type of tourism has its own characteristics of tourist groups. Through analyzing tourism types, each region, locality and country can identify its strengths and weaknesses to choose suitable target customers.

1.1.2.1 Classification by trip purpose

- Pure tourism

+ Sightseeing tourism is a human activity to raise awareness about all

face.

+ Recreational tourism is a type of tourism that arises from the need for relaxation, rest, and entertainment.

restore health (physical and mental) after stressful, tiring working hours. The more social life develops, the more people's need for entertainment and recreation increases.

+ Amateur sports tourism is a type of tourism that aims to satisfy everyone's passion for sports. Tourists can choose to play a sport for entertainment.

+ Discovery tourism is a type of tourism that aims to enhance new purposes about the surrounding world. Depending on the level and requirements, it can be divided into two types: discovery tourism and adventure tourism.

+ Resort tourism is a tourism activity aimed at restoring people's health after hard working days. The favorite places for tourists participating in resort activities are often places with cool, fresh climate, beautiful scenery,...

- Combined travel

+ Religious tourism is a form of spiritual tourism. Visitors come on pilgrimages, admire, and worship in solemn respect, preserving the natural identity and beliefs of the indigenous people.

+ Study and research tourism is an increasingly popular form of tourism due to the need to combine theory with practice, learning while doing. One of the manifestations of this type is that students of majors such as geography, tourism, history, culture, environment, etc. are organized to go on research and practical learning trips.

+ Combined sports tourism is different from pure sports tourism in that the main purpose of athletes' trips is to practice and participate in sports activities. Therefore, sports tourism

Sports activities of athletes and coaches are considered a professional profession, like many other professions in society. In addition to training and competition time, they can learn about the natural, cultural and social values ​​of the destination. Therefore, their trip can be considered a combined sports tourism.

+ Business tourism includes people who attend conferences, seminars, or participate in meetings, negotiations, business, etc. Besides the main purpose of the trip is to go to work, they can take advantage of the time to relax, visit, and sightsee in their free time. In this type of tourism, customers are often those with high spending ability.

+ Medical tourism with the main purpose of the trip is to cure diseases and improve the health of tourists. The destinations are often resorts, medical treatment areas, areas with mineral water sources, fresh climate, beautiful natural scenery, etc.

+ Family visit tourism is a type of tourism combined with a trip with the purpose of visiting relatives, friends, etc. This type of tourism is important to countries with many overseas Vietnamese living far from the homeland.

1.1.2.2. Classification by tourism resources

- Cultural tourism " is a form of tourism based on national cultural identity with community participation to preserve and promote traditional cultural values " (Vietnam Tourism Law, 2005).

Cultural tourism is a type of tourism that aims to enhance tourists’ understanding of history, architecture, socio-economics with the participation of the community, lifestyle and customs of the places they visit. Tourists’ destinations can be cultural and historical sites, museums, local festivals, art festivals, sports, etc.

- Ecotourism " is a form of tourism based on nature, associated with local cultural identity with community participation for sustainable development " (Vietnam Tourism Law, 2005).

Ecotourism is an activity that aims to satisfy tourists in learning about natural ecosystems and indigenous cultures. The locations for organizing this type of ecotourism are often areas with relatively pristine ecosystems, beautiful landscapes, and indigenous cultures that are almost completely preserved, such as national parks, biosphere reserves, nature reserves, cultural villages, etc. This type of tourism is currently attracting the attention of most tourists who love nature and culture around the world.

1.1.2.3. Classification by territory of operation

- Domestic tourism is all activities serving the needs of domestic tourists to rest and visit tourist attractions within their own country, with expenses in local currency.

- International tourism is a type of tourism in which the departure and destination points of tourists are in different countries. During the implementation of this type of tourism, foreign currency transactions will arise. International tourism is divided into:

+ Active international tourism (Inbound): is a type of international tourism, welcoming and serving foreign tourists to travel, rest, and visit tourist attractions in the country of the tourism supply agency, also known as active tourism to receive guests and earn foreign currency.

+ Passive international tourism (Outbound): is a type of tourism that serves and organizes domestic tourists to go abroad and costs a certain amount of foreign currency.

1.1.2.4. Classification by geographical location

- Beach tourism is a type of tourism associated with the sea, convenient for swimming, sea sports, etc. This type has a clear seasonality so it is often organized in the hot season with sea water and air temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius .

- Mountain tourism is a type of tourism associated with areas with high terrain. Tourism activities here are convenient for summer vacations in tropical countries and winter vacations in cold countries with many winter sports activities,...

- Urban tourism with destinations being large cities, famous administrative centers with national and international architecture, especially large commercial areas for sightseeing and shopping,...

- Countryside tourism often takes place in places with fresh, quiet, peaceful and airy air. Therefore, this area often attracts urban people, especially large cities.

1.1.2.5. Classification by journey time

- Short-term tourism is a type of tourism that usually lasts less than a week, focusing on weekends. This type of tourism is suitable for tourists with little time.

- Long-term tourism is a type of tourism that is often associated with vacations lasting from several weeks to a year in locations far from the visitor's place of residence, both domestically and internationally.

1.1.2.6. Classification by means of transport

- Bicycle tourism is a type of tourism that uses bicycles as the main means of transport, developed in areas with flat terrain and environmentally friendly people. Bicycle tourism is a type of tourism.

popular in developed areas, tourists can easily penetrate the lives of local residents,…

- Car tourism is a popular and dominant form of tourism compared to other means of transport, cheap, easy to access tourist attractions.

- Air travel is the most advanced form of transportation, fully equipped with amenities, extremely high speed, long distance travel with little time but high price, high risk. However, today the number of passengers traveling by plane is still increasing significantly.

- Train travel is a popular form of tourism for many tourists because of its low cost, allowing them to enjoy the scenery along the way, saving time because they can travel at night, but it is not proactive and must be combined with other means of transport,...

- Cruise tourism is a type of tourism that has appeared for a long time. Nowadays, many cruise ships have full facilities such as dining rooms, bedrooms, bars, swimming pools, sports fields, etc., ensuring many types of services. However, this type of tourism is expensive and not suitable for people with health problems.

1.1.2.7. Classification by organizational form

- Organized group travel is a type of tourism with a pre-planned program, each member of the group knows their travel plans.

- Individual tourism is a tourism activity in which individuals decide on their own trips, accommodation plans, and dining locations. This type of tourism is growing and gradually becoming dominant in tourism activities.

- Family tourism is a type of tourism organized by families themselves or through service providers within a time period that suits their work and income.

Conclusion: Tourism activities are rich and diverse in types. Researching tourism genres and their development trends helps tourism professionals determine the most appropriate and effective goals, content and business methods. In reality, tourism types are generally combined, so there must be a comprehensive view of tourism types.

1.1.3. Tourism resources

1.1.4.1. Concept

Resources in the most general sense are all material, energy, and information resources on earth and in space that humans can use to satisfy their needs in life and production. Resources are divided into natural resources and human resources. Natural resources are associated with natural factors, while human resources are associated with human and social factors.

Tourism resources are a special form of resources in general. The concept of tourism resources is always associated with the concept of tourism. Tourism resources are always considered a premise, a particularly important condition for tourism development. Tourism resources themselves also have a historical character and tend to expand due to the need for tourism development.

Vietnam Tourism Ordinance (1999): “ Tourism resources are natural landscapes, historical relics, revolutionary relics, human values, and creative human labor works that can be used to satisfy tourism needs, and are basic factors in forming tourist spots and tourist areas to create tourist attractions .”

Vietnam Tourism Law (2005): “ Tourism resources are natural landscapes, natural elements, historical - cultural relics, creative works of human labor and other human values ​​that can be used to meet tourism needs, and are the basic factors for forming tourist areas, tourist spots, tourist routes and tourist cities ”.

Thus, it can be understood that: Tourism resources are natural or artificial factors that can be exploited and used to satisfy tourism needs.

Tourism resources are divided into 2 groups:

- Natural resources include: terrain, climate, hydrology, biological resources.

- Human resources include: historical and cultural relics, festivals, traditional crafts and craft villages, tourism objects associated with ethnology, cultural objects, sports or other event-related activities.

1.2. Some issues on culture and cultural tourism

1.2.1. Concept of culture

To study the role of culture in development, we must first have a precise and consistent concept of culture and its structure. In fact, many people have tried to define culture. But so far there has been no consensus.