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Causes of Degradation of Some Ancient Trees and Monument Trees




tree




ground due to erosion, body

termite mound appears.




3 Trees Temple

+2 trees


+1 tree




Medium growth tree,






many dry branches, trunk has






many roots and scars due to damage

10

Grand

>100

75

10

mechanical damage, termites, roots






exposed from the ground by erosion






worn



70

45

10

The tree grows well and the roots emerge.






ground.




Upper Temple

2 trees

+1 tree

+1 tree




The tree grows well, branches and leaves.






lush, termite mounds appear






on body

11

Grand










Medium growth tree,



>100

60

8

many dry and rotten branches, exposed roots



100

60

6

out of the ground at risk






eroded







The tree grows and has many branches.

12

Grand

Temple

>100

50

6

dry, body has many cavities, has mounds



Well




Termites and roots are exposed



3 trees




land.







Both trees grow sideways.



2 trees

>100



Currently the relic site has been







stand for these 2 trees.

13

Cycas





Bad quality



+1 tree

>100

30

1.5

Ugly, at 80cm body position



+1 tree

>100

30

1.7

split into 2, one body is damaged







truncated

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4.3.2. List of relic trees

Relic trees are trees associated with a certain historical mark. At the Hung Temple historical relic site, the planning and development of the landscape for the entire area is of great concern to the relic management board. The ornamental tree garden and memorial trees right at the entrance to the relic site and behind the museum are where Vietnamese leaders come to burn incense and commemorate the Hung Kings. Each tree leaves a unique mark for a leader from the central to local levels, preserving and remembering the origins of the nation.

Table 4.8. List of relic trees .


TT

Tree name

Year of planting

Grower

Position

D1.3

(cm)

Hvn

(m)

1

Red bud

(February 3, 2000)

Le Kha Phieu

General Secretary

40

6

2

Red bud

(February 14, 2000)

Tran Duc Luong

Chairperson

water

40

6

3

Brown dog

(February 3, 2000)

Le Kha Phieu

General Secretary

8

5

4

Green cypress

(April 14, 2000)

Nong Duc Manh

Chairperson

National Assembly

6

4

5

Gold

(April 5, 2000)

Pham The Duyet

Chairperson

Vietnam Fatherland Front Committee

8

4

6

Milk

(April 5, 2000)

Nguyen Manh

Hold

Deputy

General

12

6

7

Green Lim (April 13, 2000)

Do Muoi

Central Committee Advisor

Party

12

5

8

Cypress

(April 6, 2000)

Pham Gia Khiem

Deputy Prime Minister

General

8

6

9

Black Star

(March 26, 2000)

Nguyen Cong

Tan

Deputy

General

12

8


10

Red bud

(February 16, 2000)

Nong Duc Manh

Chairperson

National Assembly

40

8

11

Large multi-veined

(August 5, 2006)

Nguyen Minh

Philosophy

Chairperson

water

4

3.5

12

Black Star

(March 26, 2000)

Phan Van Khai

Prime minister

7

6.5

13

Flower Slice (February 13, 2000)

Nguyen Van An

Vice President of the National Assembly

Festival

8

6

14

Red bud

(11/2/2007)

Nguyen Tan

Courage

Deputy Prime Minister

General

5

3.5

15

Large multi-veined

(November 11, 2006)

Truong Vinh

Weight

Deputy Prime Minister

General

4

2


In addition, the country has a total of 61 provinces and cities, each province plants 3 trees. Ministries, Departments, Branches, and each unit plants 1 tree.

The total number of trees in the memorial garden is 230 trees including 40 species of trees.


Figure 4.3 Green cypress Figure 4.4 Red budded multiflora


4.3.3. Causes of degradation of some ancient trees and relic trees

The degradation of ancient trees and relic trees in the area is relatively obvious over time due to the influence of the following reasons:

- Due to human impact

- Due to other reasons

+ Pests, parasitic plants

+ State of oppression, struggle for survival

+ The phenomenon of aging and death

a. Human causes

For many different reasons, human impact in many directions affects the growth and development of trees. Trees that have been cut down and pruned do not have a cutting surface treatment process, so this is the basic cause leading to the state of exposed rot, reducing the lifespan of these perennial trees, not to mention the number of times cut down has increased in the same area or on the same tree.

Figure 4.5. The ancient tree stump has been exploited.

Another reason is that people change the planning or build new ones, which have removed a number of trees, including many ancient trees and relic trees. Or a large number of trees are treated according to other requirements such as: nailing to hang slogans, picking fruit, driving ceramic stakes, etc., which has made the deterioration of trees happen more quickly.


b. Suppression

This is a common phenomenon in the area, because this is a semi-artificial natural system, so in addition to ancient trees and relic trees, there are many other trees distributed in different canopy layers. Therefore, many ancient trees such as Sui, Tram Huong, Da Bo Nam, Dai lack light, causing the trees to grow poorly in height but grow in diameter, or cause the trees to grow

uneven canopy, uneven growth, Figure 4.6. Tree compression

leaning, broken branches, tops….

The phenomenon of struggle for survival causes tree degradation, reducing the aesthetic value and landscape value of Hung Temple forest.

c. Pest and parasite status.

- Pests and diseases:

Due to the characteristics of the research area with relatively high humidity and little light, it has led to the development of pests and diseases. Some typical pests and diseases are: pine caterpillars, stem and branch borers, termites in the Dai tree and some common diseases are fungal diseases, dry leaves, stem and root rot fungi, etc.

However, due to the characteristics of the area as a historical and cultural relic site, which is frequently visited by visitors, pest control with chemicals is limited, so the quantity and types of pests and diseases also affect the growth and development of ancient trees, relic trees, and the general environmental landscape of the area.

- Parasitic plants:


Through investigation, it is shown that many trees are parasitized by harmful parasitic and epiphytic plants. These include species such as Dodder, Mistletoe, Fern, Moss, Lichen, Orchid species... On trees such as Dai, Tram Huong, Sui, Nu... Currently, there is no measure to eliminate these parasitic plants.

d. Aging condition.

Aging is a normal phenomenon of nature in general and of trees in particular. However, if the tree is cared for properly and reasonably, it will grow well and prolong its life. The situation of compression and lack of light leads to malnutrition and pests for precious wood species such as Sui and Agarwood in the area.

temple. On the other hand, natural disasters also have Figure 4.7. Old trees

significantly affects the growth, development and quantity of ancient trees and relic trees, causing some trees to break branches, fall and die.

In summary, the deterioration of ancient trees and relic trees has been clearly manifested with many main causes such as: high tree age, subjective impacts and lack of techniques are factors that create the premise for this deterioration. This is also a difficult and complicated factor that needs to be studied comprehensively and long-term to have measures to prevent and preserve.

4.4. Results of plant survey in the OTC

4.4.1. Composition of the upper tree layer


The upper tree layer is an important component of the forest structure, plays an important role in forming forest micro-circumstances, regulating forest regeneration and influencing the direction of forest succession. The rich diversity of the forest organization


The formation of high tree layers is due to the characteristics of each forest condition and is the combined effect of many factors that form the forest ecosystem such as soil conditions, terrain, exposure direction, altitude, humidity and human impact.

Through the study of the flora at the Hung Temple historical site, the composition of the high tree layer on the studied terrain locations is summarized in Table 4.9 below:

Table 4.9 Composition of tall tree layers according to research terrain location



Location

Total

species

Number of species participating in the nest

wall


Average number of trees/species


Composition formula


Ribs


19


19


2.16

1.46Thr+1.22Tr+0.97Da+0.97Sv-

0.49Cn-0.49Chx-0.49Dg-0.49Lx-

0.49My-0.49Ng-0.49Tra-0.24Bl-

0.24Dga-0.24Gt-0.24Lb-0.24Lm-

0.24Mc-0.24Tht-0.24Vr

Middle rib


25


12


2.08

1.15Chn+0.77Cn+0.77Lxe+0.77Sv+0.7

7Tr+0.58Dg+0.58Kn+0.58Thr-

0.38Cht-0.38Hn-0.38Ng-0.38Nu+2.5Lk


Ridge Peak


15


15


2.47

1.62Tr+1.35Dg+0.11Mc+0.81Da+0.81 Cht+0.81Thc+0.54Bb+0.54Chn+ 0.54Rr+0.54Thr-0.27Lr-0.27Ng-

0.27Nu-0.27Rrm-0.27 Sui


The results of the study on the composition of the upper tree layer in the studied terrain locations showed that the number of species investigated in the studied locations ranged from 15 species at the top slope to 25 species at the middle slope. The number of species participating in the composition formula also ranged from 12 to 19 species.


On the other hand, the calculation results show that the average number of trees/species at each research location is low, only reaching from 2.08 trees/species on the middle slope to 2.47 trees/species on the top slope. The species participating in the composition have a low composition coefficient and are mainly species belonging to the families of Canarium, Chestnut Oak, Forest Apple, Dog Blood... This also shows that the dominance between species in the flora here is not clear.

To assess the species diversity in the study area, in addition to assessing according to different terrain locations, we also assessed according to exposure direction. The assessment results are summarized in Table 4.10.

Table 4.10. Composition of tall tree layers according to the studied terrain direction



NC direction


Total number of species

Number of species participating in the tree layer

High


Average number of trees/species


Composition formula


North


19


9


2.26

1.63Thr+1.16Cht+1.16Dg+0.93D a+0.93Tr-0.46Hn-0.46Mc-

0.46My -0.46Sv +2.33Lk


Southeast


31


12


2.8

1.26Tr+0.92Chn+0.69Sv+0.57Cn

+0.57Dg-0.46Lxe-0.46Mc- 0.46Ng-0.46Thr-0.34Da-0.34Kn-

0.34Thc-0.34Bb+3.1Lk


The results of Table 4.10 show that the number and species composition in the Southeast direction of the study area are more diverse and rich than the North direction with a total of 31 species and up to 12 species participating in the composition of the tall tree layer. The number of each species in the Southeast direction is also higher than in the North direction with 2.8 trees/species compared to 2.26 trees/species. Regarding the composition of the tall tree layer in the directions, there are also fundamental differences.

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