4.3 Quantitative research results
4.3.1.Descriptive statistical results
Table 4.3. Descriptive statistics of variables
Observed variable symbol
Number of observations | Lowest value | Highest value | Average value | Standard deviation | |
AL1 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 3.55 | 1,145 |
AL2 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 3.59 | 1,136 |
AL3 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 3.70 | 1,140 |
AL4 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 3.55 | 1,191 |
LI1 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 3.22 | 1,354 |
LI2 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 3.67 | 1,237 |
LI3 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 2.97 | 1,475 |
LI4 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 3.28 | 1,256 |
HD1 | 148 | 2 | 5 | 3.03 | ,803 |
HD2 | 148 | 2 | 5 | 3.16 | ,889 |
HD3 | 148 | 2 | 5 | 3.15 | ,891 |
NQL1 | 148 | 2 | 5 | 3.61 | ,869 |
NQL2 | 148 | 2 | 5 | 3.15 | ,794 |
NQL3 | 148 | 2 | 5 | 3.22 | ,772 |
NQL4 | 148 | 2 | 5 | 3.36 | ,865 |
KT1 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 4.01 | ,915 |
KT2 | 148 | 2 | 5 | 3.64 | ,888 |
KT3 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 3.53 | ,786 |
TC1 | 148 | 1 | 4 | 2.56 | ,827 |
TC2 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 3.14 | ,808 |
TC3 | 148 | 2 | 5 | 3.22 | ,752 |
TC4 | 148 | 2 | 5 | 3.38 | ,868 |
GS1 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 2.90 | 1,276 |
GS2 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 3.01 | 1,264 |
GS3 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 2.99 | 1,226 |
CBTT1 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 3.47 | ,936 |
CBTT2 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 3.13 | ,971 |
CBTT3 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 3.20 | ,854 |
CBTT4 | 148 | 1 | 5 | 3.22 | ,848 |
Valid N (listwise) | 148 |
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Cronbach'S Alpha of the Tourist Scenery Factor Scale Table 4.1: Reliability Assessment of the Tourist Scenery Scale -
Results of Scale Reliability Assessment -
Identify Rating Levels and Rating Scales
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of the islanders. Therefore, this indicator will be divided into two sub-indicators:
a1. Natural tourism attractiveness a2. Cultural tourism attractiveness
b. Tourist capacity
The two island communes in Quan Lan have different capacities to receive tourists. Minh Chau Commune is home to many standard hotels and resorts, attracting high-income domestic and international tourists. Meanwhile, Quan Lan Commune has many motels mainly built and operated by local people, so the scale and quality are not high, and will be suitable for ordinary tourists such as students.
c. Time of exploitation of Quan Lan Island Commune:
Quan Lan tourism is seasonal due to weather and climate conditions and festivals only take place on certain days of the year, specifically in spring. In Quan Lan commune, the period from April to June and from September to November is considered the best time to visit Quan Lan because the cultural tourism activities are mainly associated with festivals taking place during this time.
Minh Chau island commune:
Tourism exploitation time is all year round, because this is a place with a number of tourist attractions with diverse ecosystems such as Bai Tu Long National Park Research Center, Tram forest, Turtle Laying Beach, so besides coming to the beach for tourism and vacation in the summer, Minh Chau will attract research groups to come for tourism combined with research at other times of the year.
d. Sustainability
The sustainability of ecotourism sites in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes depends on the sensitivity of the ecosystems to climate changes.
landscape. In general, these tourist destinations have a fairly high level of sustainability, because they are natural ecosystems, planned and protected. However, if a large number of tourists gather at certain times, it can exceed the carrying capacity and affect the sustainability of the environment (polluted beaches, damaged trees, animals moving away from their habitats, etc.), then the sustainability of the above ecosystems (natural ecosystems, human ecosystems) will also be affected and become less sustainable.
e. Location and accessibility
Both island communes have ports to take tourists to visit from Van Don wharf:
- Quan Lan – Van Don traffic route:
Phuc Thinh – Viet Anh high-speed boat and Quang Minh high-speed boat, depart at 8am and 2pm from Van Don to Quan Lan, and at 7am and 1pm from Quan Lan to Van Don. There are also wooden boats departing at 7am and 1pm.
- Van Don - Minh Chau traffic route:
Chung Huong high-speed train, Minh Chau train, morning 7:30 and afternoon 13:30 from Van Don to Minh Chau, morning 6:30 and afternoon 13:00 from Minh Chau to Van Don.
f. Infrastructure
Despite receiving investment attention, the issue of infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism on Quan Lan Island is still an issue that needs to be resolved because it has a direct impact on the implementation of ecotourism activities. The minimum conditions for serving tourists such as accommodation, electricity, water, communication, especially medical services, and security work need to be given top priority. Ecotourism spots in Minh Chau commune are assessed to have better infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism because there are quite complete and synchronous conditions for serving tourists, meeting many needs of domestic and foreign tourists.
3.2.1.4. Determine assessment levels and assessment scales
Corresponding to the levels of each criterion, the index is the score of those levels in the order of 4, 3, 2, 1 decreasing according to the standard of each level: very attractive (4), attractive (3), average (2), less attractive (1).
3.2.1.5. Determining the coefficients of the criteria
For the assessment of DLST in the two communes of Quan Lan and Minh Chau islands, the students added evaluation coefficients to show the importance of the criteria and indicators as follows:
Coefficient 3 with criteria: Attractiveness, Exploitation time. These are the 2 most important criteria for attracting tourists to tourism in general and eco-tourism in particular, so they have the highest coefficient.
Coefficient 2 with criteria: Capacity, Infrastructure, Location and accessibility . Because the assessment area is an island commune of Van Don district, the above criteria are selected by the author with appropriate coefficients at the average level.
Coefficient 1 with criteria: Sustainability. Quan Lan has natural and human-made ecotourism sites, with high biodiversity and little impact from local human factors. Most of the ecotourism sites are still wild, so they are highly sustainable.
3.2.1.6. Results of DLST assessment on Quan Lan island
a. Assessment of the potential for natural tourism development
For Minh Chau commune:
+ Natural tourism attractiveness is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined as average (2 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of Capacity criterion is 2 x 2 = 4.
+ Exploitation time is long (4 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Exploitation time criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is assessed as good (3 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 3 x 2 = 6 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Minh Chau commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 4 + 12 + 4 + 4 + 6 = 42 points
Similar assessment for Quan Lan commune, we have the following table:
Table 3.3: Assessment of the potential for natural ecotourism development in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of self-tourismof course
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
CommuneMinh Chau
12
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
42/52
Quan CommuneLan
6
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
33/52
b. Assessment of the potential for humanistic tourism development
For Quan Lan commune:
+ The attractiveness of human tourism is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined to be large (3 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Capacity criterion is 3 x 2 = 6.
+ Mining time is average (3 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Mining time criterion is 3 x 3 = 9.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points.
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is rated as average (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Quan Lan commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 6 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 36 points.
Similar assessment with Minh Chau commune we have the following table:
Table 3.4: Assessment of the potential for developing humanistic eco-tourism in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of human tourismliterature
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Quan CommuneLan
12
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
39/52
Minh CommuneChau
6
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
36/52
Basically, both Minh Chau and Quan Lan localities have quite favorable conditions for developing ecotourism. However, Quan Lan commune has more advantages to develop ecotourism in a humanistic direction, because this is an area with many famous historical relics such as Quan Lan Communal House, Quan Lan Pagoda, Temple worshiping the hero Tran Khanh Du, ... along with local festivals held annually such as the wind praying ceremony (March 15), Quan Lan festival (June 10-19); due to its location near the port and long exploitation time, the beaches in Quan Lan commune (especially Quan Lan beach) are no longer hygienic and clean to ensure the needs of tourists coming to relax and swim; this is also an area with many beautiful landscapes such as Got Beo wind pass, Ong Phong head, Voi Voi cave, but the ability to access these places is still very limited (dirt hill road, lots of gravel and rocks), especially during rainy and windy times; In addition, other natural resources such as mangrove forests and sea worms have not been really exploited for tourism purposes and ecotourism development. On the contrary, Minh Chau commune has more advantages in developing ecotourism in the direction of natural tourism, this is an area with diverse ecosystems such as at Rua De Beach, Bai Tu Long National Park Conservation Center...; Minh Chau beach is highly appreciated for its natural beauty and cleanliness, ranked in the top ten most beautiful beaches in Vietnam; Minh Chau commune is also home to Tram forest with a large area and a purity of up to 90%, suitable for building bridges through the forest (a very effective type of natural ecotourism currently applied by many countries) for tourists to sightsee, as well as for the purpose of studying and researching.
Figure 3.1: Thenmala Forest Bridge (India) Source: https://www.thenmalaecotourism.com/(August 21, 2019)
3.2.2. Using SWOT matrix to evaluate Quan Lan island tourism
General assessment of current tourism activities of Quan Lan island is shown through the following SWOT matrix:
Table 3.5: SWOT matrix evaluating tourism activities on Quan Lan island
Internal agent
Strengths- There is a lot of potential for tourism development, especially natural ecotourism and humanistic ecotourism.- The unskilled labor force is relatively abundant.- resource environmentunpolluted, still
Weaknesses- Poorly developed infrastructure, especially traffic routes to tourist destinations on the island.- The team of professional staff is still weak.- Tourism products in general
quite wild, originalintact
general and DLST in particularalone is monotonous.
External agents
Opportunity- Tourism is a key industry in the socio-economic development strategy of the province and Van Don economic zone.- Quan Lan was selected as a pilot area for eco-tourism development within the framework of the green growth project between Quang Ninh province and the Japanese organization JICA.- The flow of tourists and especially ecotourism in the world tends toincreasing
Challenge- Weather and climate change abnormally.- Competition in tourism products is increasingly fierce, especially with other localities in the province such as Ha Long, Mong Cai...- Awareness of tourists, especially domestic tourists, about ecotourism and nature conservation is not high.
Through summary analysis using SWOT matrix we see that:
To exploit strengths and take advantage of opportunities, it is necessary to:
- Diversify products and service types (build more tourism routes aimed at specific needs of tourists: experiential tourism immersed in nature, spiritual cultural tourism...)
- Effective exploitation of resources and differentiated products (natural resources and human resources)
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Preliminary Test of Reliability of Scale in Research Model -
Reliability Testing of Dependent Variable Scale
(Source: Results from SPSS)
4.3.2. Assessing the reliability of the scale using Cronbach Alpha
Table 4.4. Assessment of the reliability of the scale " Pressure from government, importers, investors, financial institutions, community on environmental information "
Observation variable
Scale mean if variable is removed
Scale variance if variable is removed
Total variable correlation
Cronbach's Alpha if variables are removed
AL1
10.84 | 8,867 | ,696 | ,822 | |
AL2 | 10.81 | 8,780 | ,720 | ,812 |
AL3 | 10.70 | 9,002 | ,676 | ,830 |
AL4 | 10.84 | 8,513 | ,718 | ,813 |
Cronbach's Alpha =.858
Table 4.4 shows that the scale is composed of 4 observed variables. The results of the reliability analysis of the scale show that the total correlation of all observed variables from 0.676 to 0.720 is greater than 0.3 and the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient
=0.858>0.6. So the scale has the necessary reliability.
Table 4.5: Reliability assessment of the scale “Benefits of implementing KTMT”
Observation variable
Scale mean if variable is removed
Scale variance if variable is removed
Total variable correlation
Cronbach's Alpha if variables are removed
LI1
9.93 | 8,056 | ,551 | ,516 | |
LI2 | 9.48 | 8,469 | ,574 | ,510 |
LI3 | 10.18 | 10,540 | ,147 | ,797 |
LI4 | 9.86 | 8,308 | ,585 | ,500 |
Cronbach's Alpha =.662
Table 4.5 shows that the scale is made up of 4 observed variables, although Cronbach's Alpha =0.662>0.6 ensures the necessary reliability. However, the variable LI3 "Implementing environmental management increases costs due to the implementation of an environmental management system but will reduce production costs, save raw materials, due to research on waste reuse, and efficient use of raw materials" has a total item correlation coefficient of 0.147<0.3. If this variable is removed, the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient =0.797>0.662 will increase the reliability of the scale. The content of variable LI 3 emphasizes the effectiveness of implementing environmental protection measures, however, in a variable with two sides, both increasing implementation costs but reducing production costs, making it difficult for respondents to choose when accepting only one side. When reviewing the observed variable LI 4 "Environmental protection is a tool to help businesses evaluate the effectiveness of investment in projects; innovating advanced NTTS processes" to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental protection investment, the author decided to remove variable LI 3 to increase the reliability of the scale.
Table 4.6. Re-run the reliability of the scale " Benefits of implementing KTMT " when removing variable LI3
Observation variable
Scale mean if variable is removed
Scale variance if variable is removed
Total variable correlation
Cronbach's Alpha if variables are removed
LI1
6.95 | 4,943 | ,625 | ,743 | |
LI2 | 6.51 | 5,177 | ,681 | ,681 |
LI4 | 6.89 | 5,362 | ,618 | ,746 |
Cronbach's Alpha =.797
After re-running, the Benefits of Implementing KTMT scale still has 3 observed variables, table 4.6 shows that Cronbach's Alpha coefficient = 0.797 and the total item correlation coefficient are both greater than 0.3. Thus, the scale meets the required reliability.
Table 4.7. Reliability assessment of the scale “ There are instructions for implementing KTMT ”
Observation variable
Scale mean if variable is removed
Scale variance if variable is removed
Total variable correlation
Cronbach's Alpha if variables are removed
HD1
6.31 | 2,270 | ,722 | ,605 | |
HD2 | 6.18 | 2,327 | ,570 | ,763 |
HD3 | 6.20 | 2,295 | ,583 | ,749 |
Cronbach's Alpha =.783
Table 4.7 shows that the scale is composed of 3 observed variables. The results of the reliability analysis of the scale show that the total correlation of all observed variables from 0.570 to 0.722 is greater than 0.3 and the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient
=0.783>0.6. So the scale has the necessary reliability.
Table 4.8. Reliability assessment of the scale “Managers' attitudes towards environmental protection”
Variable
Medium
Variance with eliminated variables
Correlate
Cronbach's variable elimination
observe the scale if remove variable | scale if variable total alpha if | |||
NQL1 | 9.73 | 4,566 | ,672 | ,851 |
NQL2 | 10.20 | 4,744 | ,707 | ,836 |
NQL3 | 10.12 | 4,910 | ,676 | ,848 |
NQL4 | 9.99 | 4,149 | ,829 | ,783 |
Cronbach's Alpha =.868
Table 4.8 shows that the scale " Managers' attitudes towards environmental protection" is composed of 4 observed variables. The results of the reliability analysis of the scale show that the total correlation of all observed variables from 0.672 to 0.829 is greater than 0.3 and the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient = 0.868> 0.6. So the scale has the necessary reliability.
Table 4.9. Scale reliability assessment
“Accounting knowledge level of KTMT”
Variable
Medium
Variance with eliminated variables
Correlate
Cronbach's variable elimination
observe the scale if remove variable | scale if variable total alpha if | |||
KT1 | 7.17 | 2,101 | ,651 | ,660 |
KT2 | 7.53 | 2,264 | ,602 | ,715 |
KT3 | 7.65 | 2,542 | ,599 | ,721 |
Cronbach's Alpha =.778
Table 4.9 shows that the scale " Accounting's level of understanding of environmental accounting " is composed of 3 observed variables. The results of the reliability analysis of the scale show that the total correlation of all observed variables from 0.599 to 0.652 is greater than 0.3 and the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient = 0.778> 0.6. So the scale has the necessary reliability.
Table 4.10. Assessment of reliability of the scale " Financial resources for implementing environmental protection measures "
Variable
Medium
Variance with eliminated variables
Correlate
Cronbach's variable elimination
observe the scale if remove variable | scale if variable total alpha if | |||
TC1 | 9.74 | 4,536 | ,096 | ,848 |
TC2 | 9.16 | 3,166 | ,604 | ,551 |
TC3 | 9.08 | 3,191 | ,671 | ,517 |
TC4 | 8.92 | 2,878 | ,654 | ,509 |
Cronbach's Alpha =.696
Table 4.10 shows that the scale " Financial resources for implementing environmental protection measures" is composed of 4 observed variables, although Cronbach's Alpha
=0.696>0.6 ensures the necessary reliability. However, variable TC1 "There are environmental costs such as environmental protection fees for industrial wastewater; Costs of treating ponds before, during and after aquaculture" has a total correlation coefficient of 0.096, which is less than 0.3. If this variable is eliminated, the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient =0.848 will increase the reliability of the scale. The author examined the remaining variables and found that variable TC2 " There is investment in aquaculture practices according to VietGAP/GlobalGAP/ASC/BAP to meet the regulations of Vietnam and the importing country" includes the content of variable TC1. Therefore, the author decided to eliminate variable TC1.
Table 4.11. Re-run the reliability of the scale " Financial resources for implementing environmental protection measures "
Variable
Medium
Variance with eliminated variables
Correlate
Cronbach's variable elimination
observe the scale if remove variable | scale if variable total alpha if | |||
TC2 | 6.59 | 2,229 | ,685 | ,817 |
TC3 | 6.52 | 2,292 | ,737 | ,772 |
TC4 | 6.36 | 1,987 | ,733 | ,773 |
Cronbach's Alpha =.848
After running again for the second time, Table 4.11 shows that the scale " Financial resources for implementing environmental protection measures" has 3 observed variables with total correlation coefficients greater than 0.3, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient = 0.848. Therefore, the author retains 3 observed variables measuring " Financial resources for implementing environmental protection measures" .
observe the scale if | scale if variable total alpha if | |||
Table 4.12. Assessment of the reliability of the scale " There is supervision by management agencies of environmental protection measures at enterprises "
Variable
Mean eliminating variables
Variance with eliminated variables
Correlate
Cronbach's variable elimination
GS1 6.00 5.374 ,687 ,846
GS2 5.89 5.267 ,725 ,811
GS3 5.91 5.161 ,791 ,749
Cronbach's Alpha =.859
Table 4.12 shows that the scale " There is supervision by management agencies for environmental protection measures at enterprises" is composed of 3 observed variables. The results of the reliability analysis of the scale show that the total correlation of all observed variables from 0.687 to 0.791 is greater than 0.3 and the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient
=0.859>0.6. So the scale has the necessary reliability.
Table 4.13. Reliability assessment of the scale “Disclosure of KTMT information”
Observation variable
Scale mean if variable is removed
Scale variance if variable is removed
Total variable correlation
Cronbach's Alpha if variables are removed
CBTT1
9.55 | 5,365 | ,606 | ,831 | |
CBTT2 | 9.89 | 5,259 | ,599 | ,837 |
CBTT3 | 9.82 | 5,279 | ,729 | ,779 |
CBTT4 | 9.79 | 5,105 | ,795 | ,751 |
Cronbach's Alpha =.842
Table 4.13 shows that the scale " Disclosure of KTMT information" is composed of 4 observed variables. The results of the reliability analysis of the scale show that the total correlation of all observed variables from 0.599 to 0.795 is greater than 0.3 and the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient = 0.842> 0.6. So the scale has the necessary reliability.
Table 4.14. Summary table of scales after removing variables
Observation variable
Scale mean if variable is removed
Scale variance if variable is removed
Total variable correlation
Cronbach's Alpha if variables are removed
Components: Pressure from government, importers, investors, financial institutions, community on environmental information. Cronbach's Alpha =.858.
AL1
10.84 | 8,867 | ,696 | ,822 | |
AL2 | 10.81 | 8,780 | ,720 | ,812 |
AL3 | 10.70 | 9,002 | ,676 | ,830 |
AL4 | 10.84 | 8,513 | ,718 | ,813 |
Component: Benefits of implementing KTMT, Cronbach's Alpha =.797 | ||||
LI1 | 6.95 | 4,943 | ,625 | ,743 |
LI2 | 6.51 | 5,177 | ,681 | ,681 |
LI4 | 6.89 | 5,362 | ,618 | ,746 |
Components: Includes instructions for implementing the KTMT, Cronbach's Alpha =.783 | ||||
HD1 | 6.31 | 2,270 | ,722 | ,605 |
HD2 | 6.18 | 2,327 | ,570 | ,763 |
HD3 | 6.20 | 2,295 | ,583 | ,749 |