HO CHI MINH CITY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
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NGUYEN BA LONG
YOUNG VIETNAMESE POETRY DURING THE RESISTANCE WAR AGAINST THE US: INSPIRATION AND TONE
DOCTORAL THESIS IN LITERATURE
HO CHI MINH CITY - 2014
HO CHI MINH CITY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
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NGUYEN BA LONG
YOUNG VIETNAMESE POETRY DURING THE RESISTANCE WAR AGAINST THE US: INSPIRATION AND TONE
Major: VIETNAMESE LITERATURE Code: 62.22.34.01
DOCTORAL THESIS IN LITERATURE
SCIENCE GUIDE
Assoc.Prof.Dr. PHUNG QUY NHAM
HO CHI MINH CITY - 2014
COMMITMENT
I hereby declare that this is the independent research work of the author of the Thesis, under the scientific guidance of Associate Professor, Dr. Phung Quy Nham. The research results do not copy any scientific work or reference material. I retain the copyright and am fully responsible for my declaration.
Author
Nguyen Ba Long
INDEX
INTRODUCTION Page
1. Reasons for choosing the topic. 1
2. Problem History 2
3. Research objects and scope 27
4. Research methods. 28
5. Contributions of the thesis 29
6. Thesis structure. 30
CHAPTER 1: ANTI-AMERICAN POETRY AND VIETNAMESE YOUTH POETRY DURING THE ANTI-AMERICAN RESISTANCE WAR
1.1. Anti-American poetry: Time range, outstanding features 31
1.1.1. Time amplitude 31
1.1.2. Outstanding features 35
1.1.2.1. Some characteristics of ideology and emotion 35
1.1.2.2. Some characteristics of art form 39
1.2. Young Vietnamese poetry during the anti-American resistance war: Concept,
movement demonstration 56
1.2.1. Concept 56
1.2.2. Movement process 61
CHAPTER 2: ARTISTIC INSPIRATION IN VIETNAMESE YOUTH POETRY DURING THE RESISTANCE WAR AGAINST THE US
2.1. Artistic inspiration: Concept, classification direction 75
2.1.1. Concept 75
2.1.2. Classification direction 79
2.2. Forms of inspiration in Vietnamese youth poetry during the resistance war
anti-American 81
2.2.1. Romantic inspiration - epic 81
2.2.2. Inspiration to commit - join in 95
2.2.3. Tragic inspiration 103
2.3.4. Personal inspiration, world affairs 110
2.3. Some methods of expressing artistic inspiration in young poetry
Vietnam during the war against America 119
2.3.1. Creating images rich in symbolic meaning 120
2.3.2. Variety of artistic colors 126
CHAPTER 3: THE TONE OF YOUNG VIETNAMESE POETRY DURING THE WAR OF RESISTANCE AGAINST THE US
3.1. Tone and artistic voice 134
3.1.1. Tone of voice in life 134
3.1.2. Artistic tone 135
3.2. Types of tones in Vietnamese youth poetry during the resistance war
anti-American 141
3.2.1. Cheerful, optimistic voice 142
3.2.2. Sad lyrical voice 150
3.2.3. Philosophical and contemplative voice 157
3.2.4. Voice of hesitation and self-questioning 168
3.3. Some techniques for creating the tone of young Vietnamese poetry
resistance against America 174
3.3.1. Integrating many language styles, expanding the poetic vocabulary 174
3.3.2. Exploiting the advantages of repetition and rhetorical comparison 178
3.3.3. Change the verse, increase the rhythm 183
CONCLUSION 190
AUTHOR'S WORKS AND ARTICLES RELATED TO
THESIS 195
REFERENCES 196
POETRY EXAMINED 210
INTRODUCTION
1. REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE TOPIC
The event of Vietnam's resistance against and victory over the US not only resounded in the 20th century, but after that war, besides the "sequelae" and "syndromes" left behind, more and more research works on it appeared in the military, historical, psychological, literary aspects, etc. with many different opinions. But no matter how different, for Vietnam, it was a just resistance war, a resistance war to liberate the nation and unify the country. The research is aimed at affirming, explaining and clarifying some issues that the time lag and the trend of the times allow; research for the purpose of peace, towards national reconciliation and harmony, eliminating hatred, for an independent, democratic, and prosperous Vietnam.
In that spirit, we chose the topic of Vietnamese Youth Poetry during the Anti-American Resistance War: Inspiration and Tone for our doctoral thesis, for the following reasons:
1.1. Vietnamese young poetry during the anti-American resistance war (abbreviated as “young poetry during the anti-American resistance war”), over the course of time, has now become a highly respected cultural and spiritual phenomenon. It can be said that this era has produced a generation of poets, without whom anti-American poetry would inevitably be lacking, even dull and lifeless. Considering young poetry during the anti-American resistance war as an outstanding artistic phenomenon, we believe that it is necessary to study the inspiration and tone of the entire poetic genre in the form of a specialized scientific work. This approach will be the basis for evaluating the contributions of a generation of poets to the history of resistance against foreign invaders and the development of national poetry.
1.2. Approaching young poetry during the anti-American period from the inspiration and tone is to explore the ideology and art of a poetic genre that arose in a special, very harsh historical context. That is war - bombs - death, in contrast to the "growing" environment of poetry. We see the need to contribute to evaluating the phenomenon of young poetry in the spirit of innovation, inheriting the reasonable conclusions in previous research works. The gap of nearly forty years since the end of the war, nearly twenty years since Vietnam - the United States normalized relations, is an advantage for researchers to interpret and conclude.
discuss the achievements as well as the limitations of this poetry genre. Moreover, the young poets of that time, now mostly have reached the age of "thất thập diệp như thu", some poets have passed away according to the law of life and death. Therefore, in our opinion, it is certainly more convenient to study their works when they are still contemporaries.
1.3. Finally, from the perspective of someone who has been researching and teaching literature in schools for more than 30 years, someone who was born and raised during that fierce resistance war, choosing this topic, we think, is suitable and useful for ourselves when working, supporting students in their studies and research, adding documents for colleagues to refer to. In addition, if the topic is successful, we ourselves feel like we can express our gratitude to the countless people who died for the country's independence and unity, including our own relatives.
2. HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM
- Each period, each era often appears a type of artist. During the anti-American resistance war, a generation of talented young poets appeared, rich in creativity, full of revolutionary enthusiasm. It can be said that this was a whole generation of poets "carrying the country on their shoulders", sacrificing themselves to save the country, sacrificing themselves to create life and create poetry. Their works contribute to modern Vietnamese poetry with their own unique and outstanding tone, the more time passes, the more clearly they can see that outstandingness.
Since its formation (early 60s, 20th century) until now, young poetry during the anti-American period has been studied by researchers from many different aspects and levels. Prestigious literary critics such as Hoai Thanh, Che Lan Vien, Xuan Dieu, Hoang Trung Thong, Le Dinh Ky, Nguyen Van Hanh, Tran Dinh Su, Nguyen Dang Manh, Tran Huu Ta, Nguyen Van Long, Ha Minh Duc, Huynh Nhu Phuong, Nguyen Dang Diep, Bui Cong Hung, Ma Giang Lan, Vu Tuan Anh, Nguyen Ba Thanh,... all have profound comments on young poetry during the anti-American period. No one has counted exactly how many scientific works have explored this genre of poetry, but we only know that the number is quite rich and diverse. In our opinion, we can temporarily classify it into the following research directions:
- The research direction focuses on one author; the subject is usually one of the typical poets: Pham Tien Duat, Nguyen Duy, Nguyen Khoa Diem, Xuan
Quynh, Luu Quang Vu, Le Anh Xuan, Huu Thinh, Thanh Thao, Ngo Kha, Tran Quang Long,... ranging from introductory articles (essays) to university theses and master's theses.
- The direction of analyzing and evaluating a specific poem. This direction mainly focuses on poems selected for teaching in schools: Kitchen Fire - Bang Viet, Poem about the truck squad without windows - Pham Tien Duat, My immense homeland - Duong Huong Ly, Returning to my paternal homeland, Vietnam's standing posture - Le Anh Xuan, Waves - Xuan Quynh, Vietnamese Bamboo - Nguyen Duy, Song of the wandering birds (excerpt) - Thu Bon, Grain of rice from our village - Tran Dang Khoa,...); the number of articles is quite large, difficult to count.
- Research direction of the entire young poetry genre in the form of overall analysis of content and art ( Textbook of History of Literature, Volume III - Hanoi Pedagogical University, Textbook of Modern Vietnamese Literature, Volume II - book of Secondary School Teacher Training Project, Ministry of Education & Training, Preface to the poetry collection New Strength - Che Lan Vien,...). Or in the form of in-depth exploration of one of the prominent issues of the entire poetry genre: lyrical ego, style, inspiration, tone, genre... (concentrated in monographs, theses, dissertations). Or in the form of exchange, reminiscing about a time of battle poetry (published in central and local newspapers and magazines).
- Research direction is integrated in specialized scientific works. This direction analyzes and evaluates young poetry as a phenomenon, a part in a broader research scope. Specifically, in monographs on modern Vietnamese poetry, literary research works after the August Revolution, introductions to poetry collections, etc. For example: Modern Vietnamese poets , Vietnamese literature against the US to save the country by the Institute of Literature, Poetry and some issues in modern Vietnamese poetry by Ha Minh Duc, Modern Vietnamese literature, perception and assessment by Vu Tuan Anh, The process of modern Vietnamese poetry by Ma Giang Lan, The innovation of modern Vietnamese poetry by Bui Cong Hung, Title of the collection of poetry of three years against the US by Che Lan Vien, Southern liberation literature by Pham Van Sy, Poetic thinking and modern Vietnamese poetry thinking by Nguyen Ba Thanh,...
We temporarily group the research directions of young poetry during the anti-American period (also four groups of scientific works) as above, for the convenience of summarizing the situation.