- If the Government needs to participate, it should only be at the support level, creating a streamlined, consistent and predictable legal environment for e-commerce.
- The government recognizes the unique characteristics of the Internet
- E-commerce on the Internet needs to be global.
It is also important to note that the above document of the US Government, before being completed and published, received extensive comments from industrialists, consumer groups, and the community of manufacturers and Internet users.
Along with the above 5 principles, the US Government also recommends three principles to the world:
- E-commerce on the Internet needs to be free and tariff-free.
- The world needs a common law to regulate this form of commerce, which must be simple, consistent and predictable.
- Intellectual property and privacy must be respected and protected while conducting e-commerce.
In addition, the US government has also enacted a number of legal documents aimed at the following issues: the Official Electronic Transactions Act (UETA) regulates the value of contracts and documents in electronic form. The Electronic Signature Act and thus creates a legal basis for electronic transactions. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has spent many years programming the main infrastructure for the federal community, through the Computer Security Center, with the aim of increasing people's trust in e-commerce.
In addition to the legal framework, the US also focuses on strengthening international cooperation in this field: the general agreement between Australia and the US on e-commerce and international cooperation, the agreement on security issues between the US and the EU to protect information of parties in e-commerce. Within the framework of the United Nations and APEC, the US is also very active in promoting e-commerce, from the widespread international application of this form of business will bring diverse, effective and strategic benefits to the US.
Through studying the development process of the US, we can draw some experiences for the development of e-commerce in general and B2B e-commerce in particular in Vietnam.
The security, reliability and safety of the Internet in particular and telecommunications infrastructure in general are the top concerns of businesses when participating in B2B e-commerce. A modern electronic payment system also creates favorable conditions for the development of B2B e-commerce.
Creating a complete legal framework will also build trust among businesses by improving information security, safety and consumer protection, which is also an important factor in promoting e-commerce development. We also see the very important and decisive role of the Government in orienting and providing a development roadmap for e-commerce development.
In addition, international cooperation in this field will benefit all participating countries. This is also an inevitable trend in today's era and is very suitable for e-commerce - a business model with a global, borderless market.
1.3.2. Japan's experience
Japan's information technology industry has the following highlights: Hardware technology is highly developed but software technology is slow, far behind the US and Western European countries, and the penetration of information technology into socio-economic life is also slower than the above countries. In fact, Japan is the second largest power in information technology and is fiercely competing with the US in many aspects. Japan has 5 of the top 15 IT technology companies in the world (NEC, Toshiba, Hitachi, Fujitsu, Mitsubishi Electronic). Japan in general tends to invest heavily in IT in Southeast Asia, accounting for 70% of investment in electronics and information technology in Malaysia, 80% in Thailand and over 70% in Singapore. Currently, in Japan, 20 out of 100 households have computers.
Government policy
In 1994, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITT) launched a major program to develop national information technology infrastructure, and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications developed a project to complete the transition of the national information network to fiber optic cables by 2010.
In early 1999, the Japanese Government introduced a policy to build a modern information technology infrastructure, establishing the Electronic Commerce Promotion Council with the task of outlining the direction and supporting the development of the necessary technological and social infrastructure for e-commerce. The Council was granted 300 million USD, 1/3 of which was spent on promoting the development of B2C e-commerce, 2/3 of which was spent on B2B e-commerce.
The Japan External Trade Council is supporting projects for virtual stores, standards for product information, information security, smart card technology, electronic signature and digital signature authentication and certification centers. Internet access in Japan first took place in September 1993. By 1995, there was a nationwide Internet boom, which in Japan is called: “the first Internet year ”.
Chart: Percentage of sectors that have used the Internet
Fixed assets
Industry-service
Finance-Insurance
Other
Source: Internet Statistics
In terms of the number of Internet users, Japan is currently second only to the United States, with a total of about 15 – 18 million people (according to various data sources).
different) and is increasing every month by about 1.7 million people, the number of companies providing Internet services is up to two thousand companies. But the cost of using the Internet is still high (about 3 Yen/minute equivalent to about 5 USD) many times higher than in the United States, so the expansion of e-commerce transactions is still facing many difficulties. According to the forecast of the E-commerce Promotion Council, the total value of e-commerce transactions via the Internet from 1999 to 2002 only reached about 126.05 billion USD, accounting for 1% of the total value of commercial transactions in general (including all means) of this country.
According to the chart, we can see that the fixed assets sector is at the top of the list with 20.9% of the total number of companies connected to the Internet, followed by the industrial and service sectors with 19.2%, finance and insurance with 16.2%, and the rest are other sectors.
The role of the Japanese Government in e-commerce is first and foremost reflected in investing funds in promoting activities and supporting businesses in applying e-commerce.
E-commerce in general is a field that has not been around for long and is still unfamiliar to many businesses. In E-commerce, there are also many different forms of business, choosing a form of business for a business determines the success or failure of those businesses.
In which the B2B e-commerce model is the most popular, businesses can participate in B2B e-commerce in many different forms. And the B2B e-commerce portal is one of the most popular forms today, and in the future, B2B e-commerce portals tend to bring certain successes to participating members.
Chapter II:
CURRENT STATUS OF BUILDING AND DEVELOPING VIETNAM - CHINA B2B E-COMMERCE PORTAL IN PAST TIMES
2.1. Vietnam - China trade relations in recent times
2.1.1. China's economic situation after joining the World Trade Organization WTO.
After 15 years of negotiation, in December 2001 China officially became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The period from December 2001 to December 2006 is considered a transitional period for China to adapt to the WTO institutions as well as participate in the "common playing field". The transitional period is divided into two stages:
Phase 1 : December 2001 to December 2004: Establish and perfect the legal system and policies to comply with WTO regulations, gradually reduce tariffs and remove non-tariff measures while simultaneously removing non-tariff measures; gradually eliminate protection measures.
Phase 2 : 12/1004 – 12/2006: In this phase, industries end their transition, are no longer protected, and fulfill their commitments upon accession. For key industries, protection is also about to end, taxes begin to decrease sharply, and China's market opening speed increases faster than required.
As of 2006, after 5 years of joining the WTO, China has achieved remarkable achievements:
2001: China enters the “trillion-dollar GDP club”
2005: China surpassed Italy, France and the UK to become the country with the fourth largest GDP in the world.
2006: China exceeded 20,000 billion NDT (the whole year reached 20,940.7 billion NDT equivalent to 2,600 billion USD)
GDP grew at a high rate of 10.7%, which was the fourth consecutive year that China achieved a growth rate of over 10% (since 2003); and the seventh consecutive year with a growth rate of over 8% (since 2001). After 2006, the Chinese economy had three outstanding characteristics: “ high growth, good quality and stable operation ”.
Table 3: China's import and export situation in 2006
Total turnover (billion USD) | Increase compared to 2005 (%) | |
Import and export | 1,760.7 | 23.8 |
Export | 969.1 | 27.2 |
Import | 791.6 | 20.0 |
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Vietnam - China Official Trade Balance 1991-1999 (Million US Dollars)
Source: General Statistics Office of Vietnam
From the above data, we can see that China's trade surplus is 177.5 billion USD, an increase of 75.5 billion USD compared to 2005.
In addition, foreign direct investment (FDI) reached 63 billion USD, an increase of 4.5% compared to 2005. Foreign exchange reserves were 1,066.3 billion USD, an increase of 247.3 billion USD compared to the previous year. [13].
By 2007, China continued to maintain a stable macroeconomic policy, implementing the motto of promoting economic development that is both good and fast; ensuring economic growth of about 10%/year:
- Following the motto of the Central Conference, we must persistently use the concept of scientific and technological development to dominate the overall development of the economy and society.
- Continue to develop, strengthen and perfect macro-regulation, strive to adjust economic structure and transform growth methods.
- Promote social development and people's livelihood issues, promote financial reform.
2.1.2. Vietnam's economic situation after WTO
2006 is considered a successful year for the Vietnamese economy. First of all, Vietnam officially became the 150th member of the WTO and Vietnam successfully organized the 14th APEC Summit. Being an official member of the WTO means that Vietnam has begun the process of implementing its obligations and rights as a full member of this global organization. Joining the WTO is an important event for Vietnam, a milestone marking our country's deep integration into the global economy. At the same time, joining the WTO also demonstrates the international community's trust and appreciation for the achievements in Vietnam's socio-economic innovation and development over the past two decades.
Mr. Ayumi Konishi, Director of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in Vietnam, commented on the Vietnamese economy in 2007: " We all clearly see the fact that in 2007, Vietnam continued to achieve impressive economic development achievements and Vietnam's new position as the 150th member of the WTO has made great contributions to this process, which is also undeniable ." [21]. In 2007, the Vietnamese economy achieved a number of remarkable achievements:
Vietnam's economy grew by 8.5% in 2007, three consecutive years of growth of over 8%/year. There were concerns that WTO accession (early 2007) might cause disadvantages for agriculture and retail trade, but this did not actually happen. The business environment continued to improve with total social investment estimated at over 40% of GDP. This growth rate increased continuously thanks to the non-state economic sector with 59 thousand new enterprises registered last year, an increase of 26% compared to 2006. Foreign direct investment (FDI) commitments also doubled, to 20.3 billion USD, the total value of the stock market reached 43% of GDP by the end of 2007, compared to 1.5% in 2005. By the end of 2007, export items excluding crude oil increased by 27% and the total export value accounted for more than 68% of GDP. Foreign exchange reserves increased by more than 10 billion USD, reaching 21.6 billion USD, equivalent to about 30.2% of GDP or equivalent to 3.3 months of import value of goods and services. A series of surveys on the business environment showed a trend of expansion in both the scope and scale of business of enterprises in 2008. [29].
However, the economy has shown signs of overheating. The inflation rate increased rapidly from 6.6% (December 2006) to 15.7% as of February 2008. On the one hand, the increase in inflation reflects the increase in international prices, especially the prices of food, foodstuffs, gasoline and construction materials. With the policy of pegging the Vietnamese dong to the US dollar and an increasingly open economy, fluctuations in world prices have been quickly reflected in the domestic price level. The increase in domestic gasoline prices also reflects the gradual elimination of government subsidies for domestic distribution enterprises. This is a reasonable policy from the perspective of State budget management. [29].