Travelogues in the first half of the 20th century and the process of literary modernization - 20

CONCLUDE

1. The concept of travel literature used in the thesis is the result of the consideration between the international term (travel literature, or travel writing) and the actual existence of travel poetry. In travel literature, there are all methods of creating text, narrative and lyric, including poetry, but prose accounts for the overwhelming proportion.

2. Modernity and modernization in literature in general and travel writing in particular are closely linked to rational thinking, secular spirit, and individuality. From there, realistic poetics, a multidimensional view of life, a tendency to explore the individual self, pay attention to commenting on others, and feminist thought appear.

2. The development of transportation in the early 20th century, the exchange between the East and the West, and the new concept of life of the Vietnamese people, stimulated modern forms of tourism that were not possible in the Middle Ages. If in the Middle Ages, the occupation of space was still very limited due to slow speed, in the early 20th century, railway, road, sea and air transportation helped travel quickly and conveniently. Thanks to the increased speed of transportation, the space of the country and the world became smaller and the fear of traveling far was pushed back. The reception of influences from Western literature, including travel literature through translations or directly from French, also affected both travel inspiration and travel writing.

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3. Travel writing inherits an important tradition from medieval travel writing, but in general, this is a separate genre of Vietnamese literature in the first half of the 20th century, with many differences compared to medieval travel writing. If there is not enough basis to say that travel writing in this period played a role in promoting romanticism or realism in literature or the formation of modern novels as in Western travel writing, it can be said that this genre was in tune with the process of literary modernization in general, contributing to highlighting the characteristics of literary modernization.

4. In terms of content, travel writing in the first half of the 20th century has its own modern features. Traveling is moving through space, to different locations. Therefore, the issue of contact with “others” is a special content of travel writing compared to poetry.

short stories, novels. Talking about others means talking about racial and cultural aspects. In this respect, only travel writing continues the ideological line of patriotic literature in the first half of the 20th century: competition for survival, conservation.

There are many other types of people appearing in travel literature during this period. The image of the French suggests modern issues and national development in science, technology, literature and art. The image of the Chinese shows the need for the Vietnamese to change to maintain the legitimate rights of their nation. For the Cham, it is a lesson about the strong winning over the weak. In general, paying attention to observing and perceiving others reflects the need for self-observation, self-reflection, and the need to build national identity in the modern world to develop and not fall behind.

In a way, travel is exploration, adventure, facing challenges. Therefore, in travel literature, there is a positive romantic spirit that is very typical of romanticism in Western literature, people seek opportunities to strongly affirm themselves, find the meaning of life in adventures. The romanticism of travel literature is also revealed in the idealization of rural life, the beauty of old life, strange to the urban lifestyle, in contrast to the competitive, bustling, chaotic society. In this aspect, there is a certain encounter between travel literature and the essay Echoes of the Past by Nguyen Tuan.

One of the typical new features of travel writing in the first half of the 20th century is the spirit of feminism. Women traveled and wrote about traveling, male authors were interested in the status and life of women. Travel writers who went to the West all recognized gender equality, Western women had intelligence and education as a condition for equality. But in Vietnam, specifically among the Cham people, women still shouldered too many heavy responsibilities while men left all the burdens to women.

Women are not only the subjects of travel literature. Some women have traveled and observed Vietnamese women in different regions. If we say that feminist consciousness is one of the important signs of literary modernization, then literature

Travel writing has its own worthy contributions. Fictional prose works focus on the issues of liberating women from the feudal extended family, from the yoke of oppression and exploitation. Travel writing, on the other hand, approaches real people and events, thereby raising the issue of new women, with a spirit of liberation, aiming at the model of modern women.

5. In terms of art and poetics, travel writing also made some worthy contributions to the modernization of literature in the first half of the 20th century. We have said that rationalism and individualism are the basic signs of modernism. Travel writing expresses the rationalism through realistic thinking. Realistic thinking is present in both romantic and realistic literary trends; realism in travel writing has common and specific manifestations. Two important indispensable manifestations of realistic poetics are the diversity of observed and described objects and the richness of specific, emotional details. Of course, here we need to distinguish between realistic thinking and poetics and the concept of critical realism - one side is artistic thinking and the other side is the social tendency of literature. There is a certain encounter and also a certain difference between them.

In terms of personal expression, travel writing has its own unique features compared to other genres. In terms of structure, travel writing often tells about events, landscapes and then tells about psychological reactions, emotions, thoughts, as international researchers say, travel writing has two parallel journeys - a journey to the outside world and an inner journey. The self-discovery of the narrator, the first-person narrator in travel writing is interesting and authentic because it is the narrator's psychological reactions to unimaginable random events and incidents in the course of a trip. Therefore, during a trip, many emotions, thoughts, and perspectives on life are revealed, creating a mosaic of the narrator's soul and intellect. Because travel trips vary in terms of location and purpose, and because narrators vary in status, age, gender, level of understanding, and scope of interest, the personal self revealed in travel writing is also very different.

The language in travel literature reflects the process of moving from generational differences (Confucian scholars and Western-educated intellectuals) and regional differences (Vietnamese in the South and the North) to unification in the first half of the 20th century. This is not a simple process,

Because medieval literature, which had a tradition of narrative poetry, moved to modern literature using everyday language to write prose, writing as one speaks was a process full of effort. In that process, travel writing has made contributions that cannot be overlooked.

6. The experiences of travel writing in the first half of the 20th century in terms of both content and art still retain their value today. Perception of others, looking at others to re-evaluate oneself, discovering the multi-faceted self, raising issues of feminism, realistic thinking, etc. are still unique and distinct contributions of travel writing to the country's literature.

LIST OF AUTHOR'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS

1. Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang (2009), “Cultural and literary values ​​of travelogues (survey through the book Vietnamese Travelogues)”, Science Journal (25), Hanoi National University, pp.63-71.

2. Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang (2009), “Travel journal - a new and effective perspective in tourism promotion”, Tourism Magazine (3), pp.38-39.

3. Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang (2014), “Characteristics of medieval travel literature”,

Journal of Science (30), Hanoi National University, pp.75-83.

4. Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang (2015), “Socio-cultural premises of modern Vietnamese travelogues”, Science Journal (31), Hanoi National University, pp.11-20.

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