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Perceptions of the Need for Social Work Services by Migrant Workers by Gender

Where is the support? Therefore, when using social services, we will be helped to solve our problems”. (Female, 31 years old, worker in Binh Tan district).

The research results in Table 3.5 show that the level of necessity of using social services of male and female workers in the KTPNN sector is different but not much. In general, the level of necessity of using social services of female workers is higher than that of male workers such as consulting and advisory services (average female group = 3.49; average male group = 3.39); services for introducing and supporting vocational training, employment, and livelihood (average female group = 4.34; average male group = 3.39); services to support access to public education (average female group = 4.08; average male group = 4.02). On the contrary, the level of necessity of using services such as information on safe accommodation is higher among male workers than female workers (average male group = 4.73; average female group = 4.42); connection and transfer services (average male group = 4.06; average female group = 3.34).

Table 3.5. Perceptions of the need for social work services among migrant workers by gender

TT

Level of need

Gender

calculate

N


Average

Deviation

standard

p

1

Safe accommodation information

Male

155

4.73

0.45


0.000

Female

265

4.42

0.85

2

Consulting/consulting services

Male

155

3.39

0.83

0.001

Female

265

3.49

1.14

3

Service of introduction and support for vocational training, employment and livelihood

Male

155

3.95

0.63


0.000

Female

265

4.34

0.79

4

Services to support access to public education for children

Male

155

4.02

0.96


0.000

Female

265

4.08

0.87

5

Service connecting and sending to resources

Male

155

4.06

1.10


0.142

Female

265

3.34

0.94

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Perceptions of the Need for Social Work Services by Migrant Workers by Gender

(Source: Actual survey data).

The qualitative research results also show that social services play a very important role in supporting migrant workers. “ For migrant workers in the KTPNN sector who use social services, they have many opportunities to choose stable and safe places to live that are suitable for their circumstances and help them avoid social and spatial isolation, creating favorable conditions for accessing social security and accessing many local resources to better address their essential needs. Especially in the pandemic

During the recent Covid pandemic, migrant workers are in great need of social security programs, packages and social services to help them overcome difficulties." (Female Leader of DHT Ward, District 12).

3.2.1.2. General situation of using social work services by migrant workers

In Vietnam, social work is a newly developed profession, so many people do not know about it. Especially after the Prime Minister's Project 32 on Developing Social Work Profession was officially approved and put into operation, the need to improve and perfect social work activities has become more and more urgent. A part of individuals, groups and communities have the need to use but do not clearly understand social work services.

To assess the general ability to use social services of workers in the KTPNN sector in the community in Ho Chi Minh City, the author focuses on studying the current situation of 05 types of social services for workers in Ho Chi Minh City. Based on the average and standard deviation of all subjects in the research sample, the topic determines the number and proportion of subjects with average at 5 levels (level 1 is completely unfavorable - level 5 is very favorable), specifically as follows:

Order

Average score

Level

1

1.0 ≤ GPA≤ 1.80

: Not at all favorable

2

1.81 > GPA ≤ 2.60

: Unfavorable

3

2.61 > GPA ≤ 3.40

: Normal

4

3.41 > GPA ≤ 4.20

: Favorable

5

4.21 > GPA ≤ 5.00

: Very convenient

For migrant workers in the KTPNN sector, social services are important because they create favorable conditions for individuals, families, and groups in need of help to be able to self-reliantly solve the problems they are facing; meet the needs and enhance social functions to prevent, intervene, and restore their vulnerable status as well as improve the quality of life of migrant workers at the destination.

With the average average of 2.99, it shows that the laborers in the KTPNN sector use social services at an average level. The service of providing information on safe housing is considered by the laborers to be the most convenient to access, followed by the service of connecting and referring to resources; the service of advising/consulting; the service of introducing and supporting vocational training, employment, livelihoods and finally the service of supporting access to public education for the children of the laborers is considered the least convenient. This research result is quite suitable for the current context, the new social services are mainly provided in social centers and facilities while the community is not really developed. Therefore, the ability to use social services of the people in general and the laborers in the KTPNN sector in particular is still at an average level. This research result

quite similar to the results of in-depth interviews with the staff of the Department of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs, who said: " Currently, social services are mainly provided at public social facilities, the participation of non-public facilities is still limited, only in some places with projects and programs, people are provided with services but the quantity provided is not much. Some social services are mainly provided by ward, association, department/sector, and mass organizations, but this provision is not regular and continuous, but only occurs at specific times." (Staff of the Department of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs, Binh Tan District).

The migrant workers in the KTPNN sector are one of the groups of people who have little say in the decision-making process in the community, are discriminated against, are easily exploited and are vulnerable because their basic and legal rights are not guaranteed. Therefore, depending on each client's specific problem, social workers can apply roles such as policy advocacy; consulting, advising; being an educator and providing skills; mobilizing and connecting resources, etc. to support migrant workers in the KTPNN sector to improve their ability to solve and cope with problems in life; create opportunities for them to access necessary resources and help them break down barriers and connect to support services to better integrate into the community where they arrive as well as ensure social security for them.

Table 3.6. Ability to use social work services of migrant workers in the non-state economic sector in Ho Chi Minh City

TT

Ability to use social services with workers

immigration

Point

medium

Deviation

standard

Rank

step

1

Information service on safe and secure housing

4.40

0.61

1

2

Service connecting and sending to resources

3.14

0.89

2

3

Consulting/consulting services

2.73

0.88

3

4

Vocational training and job introduction and support services

work, livelihood

2.62

0.80

4

5

Services to support children's access to education

2.07

0.86

5


General Average

2.99

0.81


(Source: Actual survey data).

The research results in Table 3.6 show that the ability to use social services of workers depends on their needs and the problems they are facing. According to the assessment of workers, in terms of types of services, the service of supporting information on safe housing and the service of referral are the most convenient for them to access, while other types of services are at an average level. The majority of workers said that the most convenient ability to use is support for finding information on safe housing, with the average = 4.40. In fact, with the development of

With the rapid and powerful use of social networks, migrant workers do not have much difficulty in finding information about accommodation. In addition, through the network of friends and relatives, migrant workers in the KTPNN area can also find a safe, spacious, and airy place to live so that they can settle down for a long time and work with peace of mind at the destination.

In addition, the service of connecting and transferring resources is also assessed by the workers in the KTPNN area as being used at an average level with an average of 3.14. In reality, workers in the KTPNN area often live isolated from the local community, they often live in unstable housing conditions, and do not benefit from any special social policies, do not have unions, do not enjoy some social security policies and have very little and almost very little access to social services of the Government and social organizations. However, in some localities today, the mobilization of resource connection is still supported by departments, branches; unions, associations; and fronts, not only to support vulnerable groups but also to other groups, including workers in this area who are facing difficulties and need help. Thus, mobilizing and connecting resources from within the community to contribute to building a complete social security system for migrant workers in this area is extremely necessary. In which, social workers play the role of connecting, mobilizing and coordinating resources effectively to help local migrant workers to solve their problems effectively.

The results of in-depth interviews show that, in the context of the complicated epidemic situation in localities in Ho Chi Minh City. Many LĐTBXH officers participate in many activities to support people to overcome the pandemic. A ward leader said: “LĐTBXH officers coordinate to mobilize people to test for covid, distribute coupons to people house by house, coordinate sample collection, support covid vaccination points, enter data information of people declared when testing for covid, distribute resources of benefactors to support people in general and workers in the area in particular. At the same time, go to the market for people in quarantine areas, support F0 cases who are facing difficulties in the community. Up to now, support activities for people to benefit from social security packages are still being implemented, many poor people, including workers in the KTPNN area, have encountered many difficulties and have not received support from social security packages due to statistical work and administrative procedures”. (Officer of the Women's Union of DHT ward, District 12).

Among the types of social work services, the ability to access public education services is lowest among the workers. With the average score of 2.07, it shows that the use of public education services is not favorable and is still a difficult path for a group of workers in the KTPNN sector. Ho Chi Minh City is a place that attracts and receives a large number of workers from other provinces, which becomes a matter of concern in planning and building.

housing construction, infrastructure and social service provision systems. Therefore, local authorities often give priority to children with permanent residence registration due to the overload of social infrastructure, without considering much of the immigrant children. This shows that migrant workers in the KTPNN area have to pay additional costs for their children to study in private schools instead of public schools in the immigration area.

Through in-depth interviews with the ward's Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs officer, it was said: " Access to public education for immigrant children is still difficult, especially in localities with high rates of mechanical population growth such as Binh Tan district. Some children are not eligible to go to school because they do not have a permanent residence registration, or do not have the necessary documents, while public schools in the surveyed area are not enough to meet the increasing needs of immigrant students of school age. On the other hand, the facilities are not guaranteed to arrange for children to attend school, many schools cannot organize boarding classes because the number of children enrolled is too large." (Female, 32 years old, Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs officer, BTĐ B ward, Binh Tan district) .

Table 3.7. Perceptions of migrant workers' ability to use social work services by gender

TT

Ability to use DVCTXH

Gender

calculate

N


Average

Deviation

standard


p

1

Safe accommodation information

Male

155

4.25

0.53


0.265

Female

265

4.49

0.43

2

Service connecting and sending to resources

Male

155

3.09

0.77


0.925

Female

265

3.17

0.78

3

Consulting/consulting services

Male

155

2.55

0.78


0.000

Female

265

3.11

0.63

4

Service of introduction and support for vocational training, employment and livelihood

Male

155

2.73

0.31


0.000

Female

265

2.56

0.65

5

Services to support access to public education for children

Male

155

2.15

0.68


0.857

Female

265

2.03

0.69

(Source: Actual survey data).

The research results in Table 3.7 show that there is a clear difference in the assessment of the ability to use social services between male and female workers. The average of female workers is higher than that of men, which is reflected in some services such as safe accommodation information support services (Average = 4.49; Average = 4.25); consulting and advisory services (Average = 3.11; Average = 2.55); services such as connection and referral services (Average = 3.17; Average = 3.09). On the contrary,

Male workers rated the ability to use services such as introduction and support for vocational training, employment, and livelihood (Average = 2.73; Average = 2.56); and services supporting access to public education (Average = 2.03; Average = 2.15). This can be explained by the gender characteristics in each family, women tend to use services more than men.

When examining the correlation between ages, we found that, with a statistical significance level of 0.047<0.05, there is a difference in age in assessing the ability to use social services of workers in the KTPNN sector. The results in chart 3.5 show that, quite similar to the data analyzed above, the information service on safe accommodation for workers aged 45 - under 59 years old is rated as more convenient to use than the ages of 30 - under 45 and 15 - under 30 years old (Average = 4.57; Average = 4.46 and Average = 4.27). In addition, the service of introducing vocational training, jobs and livelihoods is also rated as more convenient to use by workers aged 45 - under 59 years old than by other age groups (Average = 2.76; Average = 2.68 and Average = 2.54). On the contrary, for consulting, advisory services and public education access support services, the age group from 30 to under 45 years old rated the use of social services most favorably (Average = 3.07; Average = 2.97 and Average = 2.76),… (see chart 3.5).

5

4.27

4.46

Unit: Percentage

4.57

4

2.76 3.07 2.97

2.68

2.76

3.15

3.18

2.96

3

2.54

1.97

2.26

2

1.89

1


0

Safe accommodation Consulting, counseling Vocational training, employment

Education

Connect, mobilize, resources

15 - Under 30 years old

30 - Under 45 years old

45 - 59 years old

Chart 3.5: Perceptions of the ability to use social work services of migrant workers by age (Source: Actual survey data).

The results of the in-depth interviews also showed that: “ The majority of migrant workers in the KTPNN area rarely participate in local social activities such as attending neighborhood meetings. They think that since they are not local people, it is not necessary to care about these issues. When there is a problem related to them, the landlord will notify them. It is the indifference of migrant workers working in the KTPNN area that makes them disadvantaged compared to other groups in using local social services” (Female, 41 years old, Women's Union of DHT Ward, District 12) .




4.42







2.93



4.43


2.91





2.64





3.04



2.06


2.91


2.53


4.37




2.04



3.51


2.79

2.69





2.11




Unit: Average score

14.00

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00

Safe accommodation Consulting, counseling Vocational training, employment Education

Connect, mobilize, resources

District 12 Binh Tan District 8

Chart 3.6: Perceptions of migrant workers' ability to use social work services by survey location (Source: Actual survey data).

The research results in chart 3.6 show that there are differences, but not much, between the surveyed areas in assessing the ability to use social services of workers in the KTPNN area. In general, workers in District 12 assessed the ability to use services such as vocational training, job and livelihood referral services; support services to access public education and connection, resource connection with (Average = 2.69; Average = 2.11; Average = 3.51) more favorably than Binh Tan District (Average = 2.53; Average = 2.04; Average = 2.91) and District 8 (Average = 2.64; Average = 2.06; Average = 2.93). In

In recent times, under the direction of authorities and organizations at all levels, District 12 has carried out many communication sessions to disseminate legal knowledge, social security policies and programs and goals of the City to the people, which has significantly affected the awareness of the people in general and the workers in the KTPNN area in particular. In reality, the network of providing social services in the community is still lacking and the weakest are specialized services on counseling, psychological crisis counseling or mental health. Therefore, workers have not been proactive in seeking support activities in the locality, so their assessment of this service is not complete. On the contrary, Binh Tan district rates the usability of safe accommodation and counseling services higher than other areas.

3.2.2. Social work services for migrant workers working in the non-state economic sector from the practice of Ho Chi Minh City

3.2.2.1. Safe housing information support service

In recent years, with the attention of authorities at all levels, departments and organizations of districts have focused on propagating and mobilizing landlords to implement the movement to build safe/secure boarding house models. Thanks to that,

Security and order in the boarding houses in the city are much better than before.

The research results in Table 3.8 show that, with the average score of 4.40; up to 100% (70.2%; 29.8%) of the respondents said that they had easy access to the service providing information on safe accommodation models. One of the activities in this service is temporary residence registration support; information on accommodation addresses and prices is of most interest to the respondents (average score = 4.28; average score = 4.22), with 49.2% and 36.9% of respondents saying that they had easy access to these activities. The majority of the respondents working in the KTPNN sector are under pressure in terms of time and low income, so they do not have much free time to carry out administrative procedures, so they really hope that the landlords will support them in registering for temporary residence. In particular, information about safe boarding house models with reasonable prices and the boarding house owners' commitment to local authorities to charge the right price has met the essential needs of tenants and provided them with an ideal space for entertainment and living, which is highly appreciated by workers in the KTPNN area. This creates conditions for workers in the KTPNN area to have more opportunities to choose safe accommodation, suitable for their economic situation as well as their family's needs.

Table 3.8. Ability to use safe accommodation information services of migrant workers in the non-state economic sector


TT


Ability to use safe accommodation information services for migrant workers

Answer options (%)


DTBC


DLC

Very convenient

profit

Favorable

Normal

Not favorable

profit

HT

unfavorable

1

Provide information about address, price

the whole house


36.9


48.6


14.5


0.0


0.0


4.22


0.68

2

Provide information about the models

safe house


70.2


29.8


0.0


0.0


0.0


4.70


0.46

3

Provide information about the landlords

committed to charge electricity, water at the right price,...


42.9


42.6


14.5


0.0


0.0


4.28


0.70

DTBC

4.40

0.61

(Source: Actual survey data).

Through in-depth interviews, it is shown that the safe boarding house model not only creates a huge change in the cultural lifestyle of migrant workers but also helps the locality to manage security and order well and reduce social evils. A boarding house owner shared:

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