Some Major Seas in the World Ocean [27]

different in the world.

The area of ​​Vietnam's sea (including internal waters, territorial waters, exclusive economic zones and continental shelf) is about 1 million km2 , about 3 times the land area (328,943.98 km2 ) . On average, every 1 km2 on land corresponds to 3 km2 of sea area, 1.5 times more than the world average.

Following the continental margin from Mong Cai to Ha Tien, Vietnam has a coastline of 3,260 km. For every 100 km 2 on land, there is 1 km of coastline, twice as long as the mainland.

6 times the world average (600 km2 / 1km), equal to Malaysia and 1.5 times the ratio of Thailand (70 km2 / 1km).

Table 2.1: Some major seas in the world's oceans [27]

Sea name

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The East Sea is a continental sea separated from the Pacific Ocean by large and small island chains of the Philippines archipelago, Taiwan island and is also a sea rich in islands and archipelagos. The East Coast of Vietnam has nearly 4,000 large and small islands. The Gulf of Tonkin alone has nearly 3,000 islands in the bays of Ha Long and Bai Tu Long, the large islands of Cat Hai and Cat Ba form the Cat Ba island district. In the middle of the East Sea, the Hoang Sa archipelago consists of more than 30 rocky islands, coral reefs, and shoals, spread over a sea area of ​​about 15,000 km 2 . About 240 nautical miles south of Hoang Sa is the Truong Sa archipelago, consisting of more than 100 large and small islands, reefs and coral reefs, spread over a sea area of ​​about 180,000 km 2 . In the southwest sea off the coast of Kien Giang province, there is Phu Quoc island district with an area of ​​567 km 2 , an island

largest in Vietnam. 100 km west of Phu Quoc is Tho Chu archipelago.

Our country's sea area is located in a prime location, guarding the shipping route from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and is a bridge between Europe, the Middle East to Japan, China to Southeast Asian countries. Located on the international sea traffic axis, it is a great development potential for the maritime transport industry and maritime service economy such as ship repair, search and rescue, sea tourism...

Vietnam's seas are rich in resources: marine biological resources, mineral resources, construction materials, seaports, tourism resources...

If in the mainland, the Central strip of land is like a carrying pole with two baskets of rice at both ends, which are the Red River Delta and the Mekong River Delta, then at sea, at both ends of the carrying pole, there are also two more fish tanks hanging, which are the Northern region and the Southwestern sea. Thanks to special conditions such as the tropical sea in the monsoon region, where hot and cold water flows, rich in minerals from large rivers, a large continental shelf and many different island groups, our country's marine life is very diverse, although the individual size is small, the resource regeneration rate is fast, and the economic value is high. Specifically: Vietnam's sea has over 2,000 species of fish, the allowable exploitation output is 1.7 million tons/year; 1,600 species of crustaceans, the allowable exploitation output is 50 - 60 thousand tons/year; about 2,500 species of mollusks; 5 species of turtles; 12 species of marine mammals and 43 species of water birds... In recent years, the amount of aquatic products exploited from coastal waters has met nearly half of the protein needs of the people, with exports reaching a turnover of 2 billion USD, ranking third among the country's export items. Many plant species such as seaweed, agar... can be used as raw materials for the food and pharmaceutical industries, toothpaste, artificial silk, soft drinks... Many coastal areas with lagoons, sheltered from waves and wind are all natural areas.

extremely favorable for aquaculture, can bring in hundreds of thousands of tons of profit each year. Pearl oysters form important beaches in Quang Ninh, South Central, Con Dao... which are places with high salt concentration, clear water and rocky reefs, especially in coral reefs. The Gulf of Tonkin, the Gulf of Thailand, the Southeast Sea has a flat seabed hundreds of miles from shore but is only 50 m deep, favorable for exploiting bottom fish and nearshore fish. The seabed in the Central region is very steep, only 100 km from shore, reaching the deep sea of ​​the Pacific Ocean with a depth of over 1000 m. The mixed water area grows and develops fish and shrimp, especially surface and mid-layer fish.

In addition to biological resources in the seawater layer, in coastal areas, the seabed and subsoil under the seabed contain huge mineral resources, especially oil and gas, construction materials, mineral sands and chemicals extracted from seawater.

The East Sea is known as "the second Persian Gulf of the world". Oil and gas reserves off the coast of southern Vietnam account for about 25% of the oil reserves under the East Sea. The continental shelf of Vietnam is about 1 million km2 wide , with total geological reserves estimated to contain about 10 billion tons of oil and 250

- 300 billion m3 of associated gas . Crude oil production increased on average

30% per year. In 2005, oil and gas exports reached 7.3 billion USD, contributing 50,000 billion VND to the state budget. The amount of associated gas collected and brought ashore was supplied to Phu My and Ba Ria power plants and Dinh Co gas processing plant. The exploitation results have made the oil and gas industry a key economic sector and always ranked first in the country's export turnover.

The East Sea is located near the volcanic belt and the deep ocean and adjacent to the vast Eurasian continent, so it has many unique geological processes. The East Sea lies in the western part of the Pacific tin belt. The locations and deposits of tin and titanium ore are distributed

distributed along the coast from Mong Cai (Quang Ninh) to the South Central Coast. The main minerals for titanium extraction are ilmenite and rutile. Places with high content and industrial value are Binh Ngoc, Tra Co (Quang Ninh), Cua Hoi, Quang Thai (Quang Xuong, Thanh Hoa), Thach Ha, Ky Anh (Ha Tinh), Cua Tung, Vinh Thai (Quang Tri), Phu Cat, Phu My (Binh Dinh), Cam Ranh, Hon Gom (Khanh Hoa), Ham Tan (Binh Thuan)... Rare earth elements are often contained in xenotime and monazite minerals. The reserves of rare earths in coastal placers of Vietnam are about

300,000 tons.

Marine construction materials include sand, pebbles, gravel, limestone, and shells, distributed mainly in coastal areas, island edges, the bottom of bays and in continental shelf sediments. Among them, the most abundant material is sand. Sand is often rich in quartz and has few impurities. Along the coast of Vietnam, there are many places with glass sand with significant reserves and quality such as Van Hai (Quang Ninh), Ba Don (Quang Binh), Nam O (Da Nang), Cam Ranh (Khanh Hoa)...

The sea is a "salt warehouse". The salt concentration in Vietnam's seawater is quite high, 30 - 35%. The whole country has more than 60,000 hectares of sea salt fields. Due to the advantages of weather and climate, many places in Vietnam's sea have the potential to develop the salt industry, especially the coastal strip of the Central region. Salt output in 2003 was 755,000 tons, and it is forecasted that by 2010 the output will reach

2,035,000 tons.

Coastal bays and estuaries account for about 60% of the coastline, every 20 km of coastline there is a large river mouth, along the coast there are about 100 locations where seaports can be built. Up to now, the country has had 8 important general ports in the localities of Quang Ninh, Hai Phong, Nghe An, Da Nang, Quy Nhon, Nha Trang, Vung Tau and Saigon with a loading and unloading capacity of over 10 million tons/year. However, Vietnam's maritime transport industry only accounts for 16% of the country's import and export market share. Vietnam

Vietnam has also built many types of ships with a capacity of up to 100,000 tons for export. The shipping industry is a key economic sector.

Vietnam's coastline is 3,260 km long, almost equal to the length of the land border and is relatively developed compared to a country with an area of ​​nearly 330,000 km 2 . In terms of coastline length, Vietnam ranks 27th out of 156 countries in the world with sea. Not only does Vietnam have the advantage of a long coastline, but it also has many beaches.

beautiful sea, tropical climate, many typical ecosystems with high biodiversity, beautiful natural landscapes, amazing coral reefs... Besides natural values, human factors rich in traditional cultural identity of many ethnic groups such as Kinh, Hoa, Khmer, Cham; fishing village culture; relics, scenic spots... in coastal areas also have great significance for the development of marine tourism. According to statistics in 2003, 915 out of a total of 2,509 ranked relics nationwide (accounting for 36%), 35 out of a total of about 100 typical festivals in Vietnam (accounting for 35%) are concentrated in coastal provinces [68]... These are important premises for the development of many types of marine tourism such as: resorts, sports and entertainment, culture, sightseeing and research tourism, conferences and seminars... The sea and coastal areas have over 3,000 large and small islands. With many rich island ecosystems, most of which are still pristine, the environment has not been destroyed, along with outstanding geological and archaeological values, the island system attracts visitors to new and attractive types of tourism such as eco-tourism, diving, exploration...

Some of Vietnam's sea tourism destinations have been known globally such as Ha Long Bay, Nha Trang Bay, Da Nang beach; 7/8 natural and cultural heritages recognized by UNESCO are located in coastal provinces (Quang Ninh, Quang Nam, Hue, Quang Binh), which are favorable conditions for sea tourism to develop strongly.

Vietnam is a peninsula that is four times longer than it is wide, so that no place is more than 500 km from the sea as the crow flies,

No area is not affected by the sea. In total, there are 29 coastal provinces and cities, with a system of beautiful beaches distributed from North to South. Many areas have advantages in resources to develop marine tourism.

Vietnam's coastal area has a natural area of ​​140,413km2 and a population of

The number 41.5 million is equal to 42.5% of the natural area and 53.5% of the country's population (2000 census data) [39]. It is forecasted that by 2010, the coastal population will reach 27 million people and there will be 18 million workers. By 2020, the coastal population will reach 30 million and there will be 19 million workers. [39] Thus, Vietnam has both material resources and human resources for developing marine economic sectors, including marine tourism.

2.2. Vietnam's coastal tourism resources

Sea tourism is a tourism activity organized and developed in specific geographical areas such as coastal and island areas, based on exploiting the potential characteristics of marine tourism resources and environment. Coastal tourism resources are exploited for many different types of sea tourism. Author Pham Trung Luong in the topic " Management of marine tourism development " in August 2003 classified the types of sea tourism.

Table 2.2: Classification of types of sea tourism [34]