Ooc po festival with sli, luong of the Nung Phan Sling people in Hoa Binh - Dong Hy - Thai Nguyen - 2

The total value of industrial and basic construction (according to 1994 fixed prices) in the area is estimated at 714/690 billion VND, equal to 103% of the plan. Of which: Industry is estimated at 473 billion VND/469 billion VND, up 13.2% over the same period, construction is estimated at 241 billion/221 billion, up 18.6% over the same period, reaching 264 billion VND, up 16.06%. The total value of agricultural, forestry and fishery production in the district (according to 1994 fixed prices) is estimated at 288/255 billion VND, up 2.07%. Of which, agriculture reached 268 billion, up 2.2%. The service sector is estimated at 282 billion VND, up 11.18% over the same period.

Social and cultural work: Dong Hy has well organized cultural and sports activities to celebrate the Party, celebrate spring and celebrate major national holidays; The campaign "Studying and following the moral example of Ho Chi Minh", the movement "All people unite to build a cultural life" in the area has been implemented with high efficiency. In 2009, the district built 10/10 cultural houses in hamlets, villages, and people's groups, reaching 100% of the plan, bringing the total number of cultural houses to 228/257; 15/18 communes and towns have cultural and sports centers. Strengthening the management, protection and promotion of the value of cultural relics ranked at the state level, promoting state management in the fields of culture, cultural service business and advertising in the area.

Population and ethnic affairs: Dong Hy is a transitional area between the Northeast mountainous region and the delta plain. As of April 1, 2009, the total population of the district was 112,612 people, of which 58,492 were men, accounting for 52%, and 54,120 were women, accounting for 48%. The average population growth rate in 10 years of Dong Hy district is 0.67%, lower than the average growth rate of Thai Nguyen province. As a fertile, rich land, rich in minerals, Dong Hy is a district with many ethnic communities living together. The main ethnic group is Kinh, in addition to ethnic minorities such as Tay, Nung, San Diu, HMong, Cao Lan... The District Government has effectively implemented support policies for ethnic minorities.

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poverty, difficult life such as: price subsidies, freight subsidies for policy goods, support for loans to develop production, programs 134, 135. The first Congress of Ethnic Minorities of Dong Hy district was solemnly held, demonstrating cultural and historical traditions, promoting the strength of the ethnic communities in the area.

Regarding education: In the 2008-2009 school year, the district completed 99.1% of the primary school program, and 83.5% of high school graduates. Maintained and maintained universal primary education at the right age and universal secondary education, with 4 schools recognized as meeting national standards. The district's education sector continued to carry out well the sector's campaigns, carried out comprehensive inspections of schools to maintain discipline in teaching and learning; organized and implemented the emulation movements "Building friendly schools, active students", "Each teacher is an example of self-study and creativity"...

In general, Dong Hy is currently a district with strong development in all aspects of economy, culture and society.

1.2. Nung Phan Slinh people in Hoa Binh - Dong Hy - Thai Nguyen

1.2.1. Place of residence

Thai Nguyen is a mountainous province with the sixth largest number of Nung people in the country, after Lang Son, Cao Bang, Dak Lak, Bac Giang, Ha Giang, with a population of 1,046,159 people, of which 5,628 are Nung, accounting for 5.2% of the province's population. The Nung people live in local groups in Dong Hy, Dai Tu, Vo Nhai districts... Hoa Binh commune, Dong Hy district is a mountainous commune located in the North of Dong Hy district, about 20 km from the center of Thai Nguyen city. It borders Tan Long commune to the East, Minh Lap commune to the South, and Van Lang commune to the North. As a mountainous commune with many remote hamlets and rugged rocky terrain, the people of Hoa Binh commune still face many difficulties in life, but currently the commune

Hoa Binh is promoting the construction and development of socio-economy, the lives of people in the commune have changed a lot. Hoa Binh commune is one of the remote communes of Dong Hy district, in the commune there are many ethnic groups living together such as: Dao, Cao Lan, Tay, Nung... In which the Nung Phan Slinh people live in the hamlets: Dong Vung, Dong Cau and mainly in Tan Do hamlet. Tan Do hamlet is the first destination of the Nung Phan Slinh people on the way to migrate from Lang Son to Thai Nguyen. To serve the topic of this thesis, we focus on the research on the Nung Phan Slinh people in Hoa Binh commune, Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province.

Tan Do hamlet is located in the buffer zone between the low mountains and the high mountains, surrounded by mountains and forests. According to statistics of Hoa Binh commune, there are currently 455 people in the hamlet, the number of Nung Phan Slinh people is 357 people, accounting for about 92.6% of the total population of the hamlet. The hamlet has a natural area of 393 hectares, of which: the forest hill area accounts for 338 hectares, planted forest 45 hectares, tea land 20 hectares, colored soil 2 hectares, rice fields 33 hectares. Although they have only recently migrated to Thai Nguyen, the Nung Phan Slinh people have settled down and formed villages.

1.2.2. Ethnic origin

According to published research results, through the genealogies of some Nung clans in Cao Bang, Bac Kan, Thai Nguyen..., through historical sources, we know that the historical origin of the Nung ethnic group in Vietnam has two parts. The first part is the two Tay and Nung ethnic groups with the same origin, belonging to the Au Viet group and the second part is a number of Nung groups with ethnic names determined at the level of local groups that recently migrated to Vietnam 300 - 400 years ago. The majority of the Nung people in Vietnam in general and the Nung people in Hoa Binh commune, Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province in particular, are of Chinese origin. They migrated to Vietnam in groups, at different times, divided into many waves. The main reason for their migration was due to oppression.

They were heavily exploited, oppressed and especially bloodily suppressed after unsuccessful uprisings. Bandits and robbers, along with the lack of land, also pushed them to find new places to settle down and make a living.

According to the documents of Nguyen Thi Ngan, director of the Museum of Cultures of Vietnamese Ethnic Groups, about the genealogy of the Nung An and Nung Phan Slinh people in localities such as Lang Son, Cao Bang, Bac Kan and Thai Nguyen, we see that the Nung Phan Slinh people residing in Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province originally migrated from Guangxi - China to Van Quan, Binh Gia - Lang Son and then a part moved down to settle in Thai Nguyen.

The Nung Phan Slinh people settled in Hoa Binh commune, Dong Hy district quite late. Local people said that in the 1930s, they moved from Van Vu and Quang Trung communes in Binh Gia district, Lang Son province to make a living here. At that time, the land here was still very wild. With the thousand-year-old tradition of the Nung people, they reclaimed the land, brought water to the fields, cultivated widely, raised livestock... and built villages.

Mr. Ly Ngoc Tan, a Nung Phan Slinh, chairman and deputy secretary of the Party Committee of Hoa Binh commune, said that his family and other families such as Mr. Hoang Van Ban, Hoang Van Khoay, Hoang Van Say, Hoang Van Toong... in Hoa Binh commune migrated from Lang Son to Thai Nguyen to reclaim and break ground in 1933, and settled here in 1935. Some families came here later, such as Mr. Lam Van Hoa's family, Mr. Lam Ngoc Loan's family... moved from Lang Son after the Vietnam-China Border incident in 1979.

The Nung Phan Slinh families in Hoa Binh commune, Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province all claim to be a group of Nung Phan Slinh people whose ancestors migrated from Chau Van Thanh (China) to Lang Son, then moved to live and settle in Hoa Binh commune, Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province as it is today.

1.2.3. Some features of economics, politics and culture

* Economics, politics

The economy of the Nung Phan Slinh people in Hoa Binh mainly relies on cultivation, animal husbandry and other economic activities such as: gathering, hunting, fishing, etc. Effectively implementing the economic restructuring with land and forest allocation to each household, the commune's economy has developed in a stable direction, achieving a fairly high growth rate. The average economic income per capita of the whole commune in terms of food: 680kg/person/year; in terms of money: 4,500,000/person/year.

In Tan Do hamlet, the agricultural land area is 33 hectares, the fertile land is 2 hectares, the upland land is 30 hectares. Being agricultural residents, in production they follow a strict agricultural calendar. The winter-spring crop lasts from January to May, the summer-autumn crop from May to September, the winter-spring corn crop from September to December. Their farming activities include wet rice cultivation, ridge cultivation, swidden cultivation, and beach cultivation. Wet rice fields are low fields, fields with water all year round or fields that can be watered, these fields can grow two rice crops and one summer-autumn crop. Along with the development of the canal system of Hoa Binh commune, the wet rice field area of the Nung Phan Slinh people in Hoa Binh is now expanding. Besides wet rice fields, people here also cultivate on upland fields. Upland fields are often places with good vegetation, which are areas with a lot of humus, when burned, there will be a lot of ash for fertilizer. In the past, slash-and-burn cultivation was carried out from old forests, but now the Nung Phan Slinh ethnic group in Hoa Binh commune mainly clears slash-and-burn cultivation from secondary forests or cogon hills. The slash-and-burn cultivation is usually carried out before Tet and burned, sown in January-February, lasting until May for a crop, then continuing with the second crop until October. In Hoa Binh commune, the slash-and-burn cultivation is not used to grow rice like in some other localities, but is mainly used to grow other crops such as tea, corn, cassava, etc. In addition to slash-and-burn cultivation and rice fields, any Nung Phan Slinh family in Hoa Binh commune also has

Garden (Soi) next to the house or along the road, along the stream near the village to grow vegetables, spices such as ginger, garlic. Vegetables are divided into two crops, winter vegetables and summer vegetables. In the winter, people grow cabbage, kohlrabi, lettuce..., in the summer, people grow squash, luffa, ginger, turmeric... In addition, people also grow some fruit trees such as lychee, longan, persimmon... in their gardens. However, the scale of the garden is small, only from a few dozen to a few hundred square meters, so the products from the garden are only at the level of self-sufficiency in some vegetables and fruits.

Livestock raising: Livestock raising, especially buffalo and cows, is a popular and important livestock raising activity, closely linked to agricultural production. Each Nung Phan Slinh family in Hoa Binh commune raises 1 to 2 buffaloes, mainly for pulling power to serve the cultivation, specifically rice cultivation and vegetable growing. Raising buffaloes is relatively simple: During the day, people herd the buffaloes to graze, and in the evening they drive them back. Currently, the Nung Phan Slinh people in Hoa Binh have started growing grass to raise buffaloes and cows. In addition, in Hoa Binh commune, pig raising and poultry raising (chickens, ducks, geese, etc.) are also paid attention to to meet the demand for meat, sale or service of rituals. Raising striped fish in some families, people often raise some fish breeds: silver carp, common carp, and silver carp in ponds. In addition, beekeeping is also maintained in the Nung Phan Slinh families here. Bees are raised by hand, so the quality of honey is very good, especially when collected during the blooming season (February, March, April). The honey is golden yellow, sweet and has a strange aroma. This is also a precious specialty of the Nung Phan Sling people in Hoa Binh commune.

In addition to farming and animal husbandry, the Nung community here also maintains a number of handicrafts such as tile making, carpentry, weaving... These handicrafts are considered secondary occupations, done during the off-season mainly to serve daily life and agricultural production.

Nowadays, because of uneven educational level, limited awareness, and life mainly depends on rice cultivation, economic development is still limited.

faced many difficulties, but with the close attention and direction of the Party Committee and organizations, the practice of monoculture rice cultivation has been changed to intensive cultivation of new rice varieties, high-yield corn, crops, grass planting for raising buffaloes and cows..., contributing positively to the work of hunger eradication and poverty reduction of the commune. Specifically, in 2009, the average income per capita of the commune reached 10 million VND/person/year.

In Hoa Binh commune, the organizations: Farmers' Association, Veterans' Association, Women's Association, Youth Union... are very active, playing an important role in propagating, guiding and helping people to effectively implement the policies of the Party and the State. In the general movement of the commune, the cultural, artistic and sports activities of the hamlets have developed strongly: hamlets in the commune have a volleyball team, an art team, regularly exchange with other communes and participate in welcoming programs, cultural exchanges of the commune and the district. Tan Do hamlet, the hamlet with the largest concentration of Nung Phan Slinh people, has effectively implemented the movement: " The whole population registers to build a cultural life", was awarded a certificate of recognition by Dong Hy district as a district-level cultural village and from 2001 to 2009 was awarded a certificate of recognition by Thai Nguyen province as a typical cultural village at the provincial level. Responding to the activities of the Fatherland Front and mass organizations in the commune, mass organizations and people have promoted the movement to eliminate hunger and reduce poverty, participate in social movements and protect public order and security.

* Villages and houses

Housing is a cultural product of human beings, at the same time it is a place where family activities converge and is a miniature image of national culture. Every ethnic group builds houses to live in, but depending on natural conditions and occupations, each ethnic group has its own unique style and customs related to its house.

The Nung Phan Slinh people in Hoa Binh commune, Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province live in a narrow valley landscape with a strip of safflower.

along the hillsides. The houses of the Nung Phan Slinh people here mostly lean against the hillsides, facing the fields. The hamlets and villages tend to be long, with roofs dozens of meters apart. The conditions for building houses and villages of the Nung people here are to have a water source, residential land and arable land. On the other hand, living in a valley environment with a hot and humid tropical climate, it is necessary to overcome rain, streams and floods, and at the same time, to preserve agricultural products well for economic life. The Nung people in general and the Nung Phan Slinh people in particular must carefully calculate how to build a house that is both convenient and durable for themselves and their descendants. The Nung people often live in stilt houses and half-stilt, half-earth houses, of which stilt houses are their favorite traditional house type.

Unlike the rammed earth house of the Nung Phan Sling people in Lang Son, the house of the Nung Phan Sling people in Hoa Binh commune, Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province is a type of stilt house similar to the stilt house of the Tay people. The stilt house of the Nung Phan Sling people includes 56 columns: 2 roof columns, 7 main columns, 18 side columns, 26 porch columns, 1 beam, 2 crossbeams. The roof column is 7.5 m long, the main column is 5.5 m long, the side columns are 4.5 m long, the porch column is 3.5 m long. The stilt house has 2 sides, one side is 14 m wide (4 rooms, 2 lean-tos), the other side is 15 m wide (5 rooms, 2 lean-tos); a wooden staircase with 7, 9 or 11 steps. The roof is covered with yin-yang tiles (gutter tiles), the walls are made of wooden panels lengthwise. The entire system of frames, rafters, columns, walls, and floors are made of good wood: Dinh, trai, nghien... The cross-beam system has a solid structure, creating a house with durability and longevity: 200 - 300 years. For the Nung Phan Slinh people, when building a house, the first thing they do is erect the main pillars, in addition, they must choose a good time to place the roof, move into the new house... The ceremony to enter a new house is the ceremony to light the stove, the person who lights the stove must be a well-off person, with both sons and daughters. Only then will it bring good luck to the homeowner.

Through the actual survey, we found that compared to the Tay ethnic stilt houses, the Nung ethnic stilt houses have many differences: In terms of external appearance, the Nung people's roofs are often longer than the Tay people's roofs.

The Nung have fewer windows and the windows are usually smaller. Therefore, the Nung houses are often low and dark, while the Tay stilt houses are often airy and have more light. Up to now, in Hoa Binh commune, although life has changed a lot, the houses of the Nung Phan Slinh people still retain the unique traditional architecture of their people. The stilt houses of the Nung people here are not only a place to shelter from the rain and sun, but also a place to contain and entrust the souls and artistic creations of the artisans when building the house. The stilt houses contain architectural wisdom, with long-standing value in both technique and art.

* Clothing and jewelry

The costumes of the Nung Phan Slinh are made from indigo-dyed cotton, simple, without embroidery or decoration. Men wear wide-legged, ankle-length pants with a leaf-shaped waistband. Men's shirts are made with a standing collar, split at the chest, buttoned with fabric buttons, and have from 2 to 4 flapless pockets.

The women's shirt is a 5-panel shirt with buttons on the right armpit, with lame pants, a waistband made of palm leaves, a drawstring to tie around the waist, and a belt also made of indigo fabric hanging down behind. There are three silver buttons on the collar. The types of scarves and the ways of wrapping scarves of the Nung women are very rich in variety and style. Particularly for the Nung Phan Sling, women's head scarves have up to three styles. The Nung Phan Sling in Hoa Binh commune usually wear an indigo scarf, folded and wrapped around the head, and the two ends of the scarf are tied diagonally at the back, 30 cm long. When going to work, women also wear a hat woven from bamboo or giang strips. When going to the market or going out, women also carry or wear an indigo fabric bag to hold necessary belongings.

Types of jewelry that go with costumes, mainly made of silver, include: necklaces, earrings, bracelets...

Nowadays, most young men and women of the Nung Phan Slinh ethnic group in Hoa Binh commune, Dong Hy district wear trousers and shirts, only the middle-aged people wear trousers and shirts.

Old people still keep and use the traditional costumes of their ethnic group. Especially during holidays and village festivals, they still wear the traditional costumes of their ethnic group.

* Spiritual culture

Like the Nung people in general, the Nung Phan Slinh people believe that the world includes all of nature, people and things in the three realms, corresponding to three levels: heaven, earth and the underworld. They believe in the theory of animism, all things and phenomena in nature have souls. Therefore, ancestor worship is the most important traditional religious ritual of the Nung Phan Slinh people in Hoa Binh commune, Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province. Each family has its own altar and is placed on the upper altar, a solemn place in the house. The altar of the Nung Phan Slinh people is divided into three levels: the top level worships the gods, the second level worships the grandfathers, the bottom level worships the grandmothers. The altar is a very solemn place in the family, families with ancestors or people who are shamans or sorcerers often have their own altar in a discreet, quiet place tied to the wall of the house, worshiping the saints of Taoism or Confucianism. In addition, each Nung Phan Sling family here also worships Ma gian (guest ghost) who protects the family outside the door or outside the thatch. Each family, each clan will have a different ma gian and a different name, depending on the name of that clan. Particularly different from the beliefs of other ethnic groups, the Nung Phan Sling often have bamboo tubes or set up a few small pieces of wood placed at the base of a tree or a stone to worship the local god. In the hamlet, there are several places with such worshiping points.

In addition to worshiping gods and ancestors at home, the Nung Phan Slinh people also built a communal house to worship the village's tutelary god, who is the public god who protects the village, protects crops and livestock... Every year, on holidays, people hold the Ooc Po festival (going to the hill) to pray for favorable weather, good crops, and prosperity.

Everyone is happy. On this day, families in the village bring offerings, incense and flowers to the communal house to offer to the gods, praying for health and peace for both people and animals.

Arts and culture: The Nung Phan Slinh people in Hoa Binh commune have a rich treasure of fairy tales, fables, poems, etc. Regarding music, their familiar and popular folk songs sli, luong and especially Co lau are often sung during holidays, weddings, markets, etc. The musical instruments of the Nung Phan Slinh people in Hoa Binh commune include drums, cymbals, cymbals, and bells. The folk dances of the Nung people include lively and powerful dances. Currently, in addition to the lion dance in the Ooc Po festival, the Xieng Tang dance is still used by the Nung Phan Slinh people in Hoa Binh commune, Dong Hy district to send off the deceased in their funeral ceremonies. Especially in the modern life, which is influenced quite a lot, the people here still preserve the folk culture of their people.

1.3. Overview of sli, luong

Sli and luon are folk lyrical genres of the Tay and Nung ethnic groups. In daily life, especially during festivals, fairs, when visitors come to the village... sli and luon verses flow out. From the stilt house to the steps down the stairs, on the fields or during festivals... anywhere, anytime, the singing of the Tay and Nung ethnic groups resounds. These folk melodies are present in all areas of life, they are songs of labor, production, longevity songs, wedding songs, housewarming songs, spring songs, songs to send off the souls of the deceased and especially songs about love between couples.

“Tay and Nung men and women confide in it all their longing for love, their shyness and exploration at the beginning of their love, their vows and promises when their love is ripe, their longing for love when they are apart, their jealousy, anger, resentment, and blame when their love is unfinished, their sweet and affectionate voices when their love is complete and faithful…” [4, 56-57]

1.3.1. Overview of Sli

This is a folk song of the Nung ethnic group, the intimate singing of couples. On spring festivals, wedding days..., groups of young Nung people sing sli very naturally, passionately, and enthusiastically. Singing sli can be done indoors or outdoors, the singing can last all night, the more passionate it becomes in the morning. When leaving, the farewell songs are sung with lingering and affection. The sli melody is a type of vi singing, a love song of young men and women.

According to researcher Vi Hong:

“Sli means poetry. The Nung people use the word sli to refer to all of their lyrical folk songs, just as the Tay people use the word luon to refer to almost all of their folk songs” [25;29]

In terms of form, the Nung people's sli are rhymed poems with seven words each, each poem has from 4 to 8 lines or up to hundreds of lines. Sli is the lyrical singing of the Nung people, all Nung people know sli because this is the love song, the voice of their heart, the call of their love. When the sli (question) stops, the sli (answer) sounds start, blending in harmony. Just like that, the sli words last all night, all day. That's why the Nung people have a saying: "The sick night is long, the sli night is short". Participating in a sli singing session must have two or more people, usually one side is male and one side is female. Sli is improvised on the spot but must ensure consistency and conciseness. Sli singers can use the traditional singing of the ethnic group or improvise in their own way. Therefore, sli singing has shown the quick improvisation and intelligence of the singer in the response. Because of that, good improvisation has contributed to enriching the Nung people's sli singing repertoire.

However, the Nung ethnic group has many groups with different names and is distinguished by cultural characteristics as well as local origins, so the folk songs of each Nung group have their own unique features. Also called sli, but Nung Chao has sli Slìng Làng, Nung Phan slinh has sli Phan Slìn...

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