Khai Ha Festival of Muong people in Muong Bi with tourism development in Tan Lac, Hoa Binh

unique, distinctive from the homeland, not intended to make a profit calculated in money [....; .....] .

Economist Kalfiotis believes that: Tourism is the temporary movement of individuals or groups from one place to another to satisfy spiritual and moral needs, thereby creating economic activities [....; .....] . .

Different from the above views, the scholars who compiled the Vietnamese Encyclopedia have separated the basic content of tourism into two separate parts. The first meaning of tourism is a form of active relaxation and sightseeing by people outside their place of residence for the purpose of: relaxation, entertainment, sightseeing... [....;

.....] . In the second sense, Tourism is considered a comprehensive business sector with high efficiency in many aspects: improving understanding of nature, historical traditions and national culture, thereby contributing to increasing love for the country; for foreigners, it is friendship with their own people; in terms of economics, tourism is a very effective business sector considered a form of on-site export of goods [....; .....] .

Maybe you are interested!

Thus, we can understand: Cultural tourism is a type of tourism in which

that people enjoy the cultural products of humanity, of a country, a region or a nation [....; .....] .

People call it cultural tourism when the activities take place mainly in a humanistic environment, or the tourism activities focus on exploiting humanistic tourism resources, in contrast to ecological tourism which takes place mainly to satisfy people's need to return to nature.

If natural tourism resources attract tourists by their wildness,

Because of its uniqueness and rarity, human tourism resources attract tourists by its tradition, diversity and uniqueness. Therefore, cultural objects

Cultural tourism resources are the basis for creating a very rich form of cultural tourism.

1.1.2. Concept of "Culture"

Until 1950, researchers had given more than 300 different definitions of Culture. In 1970, in Vienna (Austria ), the Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies agreed :

Culture includes everything that makes one nation different from another, from the most sophisticated modern products to beliefs, customs, lifestyles and work [....; .....] .

By 1994, the United Nations Cultural Organization (UNESCO), based on the views of leading researchers, had decided to

Definition of Culture. Accordingly , Culture :

It is a complex - the totality of characteristics - spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional appearance, ... depicting the identity of a community, family, hamlet, village, region, nation, society [....; .....] .

In Vietnam, there are also many different definitions of Culture. President Ho Chi Minh, the great leader of the Vietnamese people, a great cultural figure of Vietnam and the world, once said:

For the sake of survival and the purpose of life, humans created and invented languages, writing, ethics, laws, science, religion, literature, art, tools for daily life in clothing, food, housing and methods of use. All of these inventions and creations are culture [....;

.....] .

Each researcher in each different field has a definition of Culture according to their perspective. Some people think that Culture is the opposite of

Nature ; some people think that Culture is everything created by humans or everything that belongs to humans; some people think that it is the material culture, spiritual culture of humans; some people think that in addition to material culture, spiritual culture, it also includes production habits, residential habits and social organization; ... In general, most Vietnamese researchers agree:

Culture is an organic system of material and spiritual values created and accumulated by humans through practical processes, in the interaction between humans and their natural and social environment [....; .....] .

1.1.3. Concept of Ethnic Culture

In the field of Cultural Anthropology (Ethnology), there are also many different definitions of Culture. European and American authors also have many different understandings of Culture. Some people divide Culture into the following elements:

_ Ways of making a living

_ Social structure

_ Religious forms

Others believe that Culture includes the following constituent elements:

_ Material life

_ Spiritual life

_ Religious systems.

According to the Makarian group in the former Soviet Union, Culture includes the totality of

System:

_ Production culture

_ Culture ensures life (village, house, food, clothing, ...)

_ Social norms and culture (laws, rituals, customs, ...)

_ Cultural awareness.

According to Vietnamese Ethnologists:

Culture is the whole life - material, social, spiritual of each community.

Thus, if based on the understanding of culture of researchers, ethnic culture, or national culture includes 3 main components:

_ Material culture (including economic activities, residential customs, villages)

_ Social culture (organization, structure, social relations)

_ Spiritual culture.

Thus, it is clear that Culture is very diverse, because it belongs to many ethnic groups, communities, regions, countries, etc. Moreover, Culture also bears the strong imprint of the nature where the cultural subject resides.

According to most anthropologists, ethnic culture or national culture is the sum of elements of language, writing, material and spiritual cultural activities, psychological and emotional nuances, customs and rituals, ... that enable people to distinguish one ethnic group from another, one nation from another [....;

.....] .

Therefore, Ethnic Culture or National Culture is the basis, the foundation for the emergence, development, maintenance and consolidation of ethnic self-awareness. This is the most important thing for each ethnic group, each nation or a country, ... An assimilated nation means that the culture of that nation no longer has enough identity to distinguish it from other nations. That nation is considered to have lost its culture, no longer (does not have) its own national culture. Certainly, the ethnic self-awareness of the ethnic community

Finally, culturally, that nation has perished or disappeared.

In fact, Culture is a broad concept, with almost no clear boundary between Culture and other concepts. In tourism, cultural objects

is considered a particularly attractive resource. That does not mean that all cultural products are cultural tourism products, but that there must be selection and conditions for exploitation, and at the same time, exploitation must be associated with conservation and restoration work in the direction of sustainable development. Tourism directly exploits cultural values to create unique cultural tourism products that other types of tourism do not have. Therefore, the Tourism Ordinance has affirmed: " Tourism is a comprehensive economic sector with profound cultural content."

1.2. Overview of Muong culture in Muong Bi

1.2.1. Natural features in Tan Lac

The Muong people in Vietnam have an idiom: " Nhat Bi, nhi Vang, tam Thang, tu Dong". That idiom refers to four large fields and also the four largest Muongs of the Muong people in Hoa Binh and in Vietnam. Muong Bi, now in Tan Lac district, Hoa Binh province, is one of the four large Muongs in the ancient Muong Hoa Binh region. If from Man Duc intersection (town center of Tan Lac district, Hoa Binh), follow National Highway 6, Son La direction, go up about 5 km, then turn left, go about 5 more kilometers and we will reach the center of Muong Bi (now commune

Dich Giao). This is a large field located in the valley right at the foot of Ngo Luong mountain, the starting point of the Truong Son range.

Currently, the Muong Bi people live mainly in Tan Lac district, Hoa Binh. Tan Lac is a mountainous district located in the southwest of Hoa Binh province. The total natural land area is 523 km2 (accounting for about 11.2% of the total area of the province), the population is

78,900 people, population density 151 people/km2 . Urban population accounts for 5.6%, rural population accounts for 94.4%

Muong Bi (Tan Lac district) has geographical coordinates at about 20 o 27' 95" - 20 o 35'95" North latitude; 105 o 6'25" - 105 o 23'23" East longitude. The North of Muong Bi borders Da Bac district (Hoa Binh); the South borders Lac Son district (Hoa Binh); the

East borders Cao Phong district (Hoa Binh); West borders Thanh Hoa province.

Terrain

Tan Lac's terrain is quite diverse, with an average altitude of 200-300m above sea level, the highest point being 1200m. The terrain gradually decreases towards the Southeast and is divided into 3 regions.

The highland area includes 5 communes: Quyet Chien, Lung Van, Nam Son, Bac Son, Ngo Luong. The average altitude is from 600-800m. This area is divided by limestone mountain ranges, with steep slopes interspersed with small valleys scattered along small streams.

The central region includes 4 communes: Ngoi Hoa, Trung Hoa, Phu Vinh, Phu Cuong with an average altitude of 200-300m, strongly divided by rocky mountains, steep hills and streams, interspersed with gentle hills and flat areas .

The lowland area includes the remaining 14 communes and Muong Khen town. Located along National Highways 12B and 12C, it consists of two narrow valleys running along two main stream systems, forming the two main rice growing areas of the district.

Weather :

Muong Bi (Tan Lac, Hoa Binh) has a tropical monsoon climate, a year is divided into two distinct seasons. The rainy season is hot and humid and the dry season is cool, the average annual temperature is 22.9 0 C, the average highest temperature is 27.8 0 C, the average lowest temperature is 19.8 0 C. The temperature between regions is different, in the highland tropical region

The coldest month temperatures are 2-30 0 C lower than the lowest zone and winter comes early and ends late.

The average annual rainfall is relatively high, usually around 2,000mm. Rain is concentrated in the months from July to September of the lunar calendar. The dry season rainfall accounts for only 15% of the annual rainfall. In the highland and midland communes, annual rainfall is often higher than in the lowland communes. During the period from November to March every year, fog and frost often appear.

Land

In Tan Lac, of the 52,300 hectares of natural land, mountainous area accounts for 80.27%. The rest is the following types of land: red soil on feralit (1,000 hectares), red soil on mountains

limestone (6,000 ha), fertile soil on purple schist (559 ha), red-yellow soil on sandstone (5,000 ha), ... in general, the composition of soil types is suitable for the ecological requirements of different crops such as: food crops, fruit trees, industrial crops, forestry trees, ...

Water resources

Tan Lac does not have a system of large rivers flowing through it, but there are many large and small streams and reservoirs. Surface water in Tan Lac is mainly formed from 3 stream systems:

_ Chu Stream, originating from the mountainous area of Phu Vinh and Trung Hoa communes, flows through My Hoa and Quy Hau communes to the southeast with a basin area of 350 km2.

_ Suoi Cai, originating from the mountainous area of Phu Cuong commune, runs along Muong Bi valley through Phong Phu, Do Nhan, and Lo Son communes in the southeast direction with a basin area of 230 km2.

_ Hoa Stream, originating from the mountainous area of Thung Nai commune, flows through Ngoi Hoa commune and then flows into Da river with a basin area of 230 km 2. This is a source of water that effectively serves agricultural production.

Underground water resources in Tan Lac are also relatively abundant and can be exploited.

to serve production and people's lives.

Forest resources

Natural forests in Tan Lac have a total area of 2,317,476 hectares, accounting for 82.92% of the forest area in the province, planted forests have 477,273 hectares, accounting for about 17.08%. In the forest cover in Tan Lac district, there are many precious woods (lim, sen, tau, lat, nghien, ...), bamboo, rattan, buong, vau and valuable specialty trees (sa nhan, rattan, ant, ...). Under the forest canopy is an animal system with many rare animals (monkeys, pigs, tigers, deer, ...). In particular, Phu Vinh commune has large bat caves, annually providing a large amount of fertilizer and valuable food for people in the surrounding area.

Mineral resources

Mineral resources in Tan Lac are mainly limestone and some precious minerals such as gold, antimony, and coal.

Due to the rugged terrain, traffic conditions in Tan Lac still face many difficulties. Before the August Revolution, Tan Lac was almost isolated from the outside world, travel between communes and Muongs was very limited, mainly by trails, on the mountains.

stone. After the August Revolution in 1945, especially since its establishment in 1957 until now, after decades of construction and development, the district's transportation system has been gradually upgraded. Many vital traffic systems, roads connecting Ngo Luong - Quyet Chien - Lo Son - Lac Son, ... With the children

Inter-commune and inter-muong roads have been expanded, making economic and cultural exchanges easier. However, the roads in Tan Lac are currently mainly dirt roads, with many steep, winding, dangerous rocky slopes, often prone to landslides and mud in the rainy season, making travel and transport of goods still difficult.

Khai Ha Festival of Muong people in Muong Bi with tourism development in Tan Lac, Hoa Binh - 2

Comment