APPENDIX
Appendix 1. APEC knowledge economy measurement indicator system
Indicators
Importance to KBE | How to calculate | |
Business environment | ||
1. Knowledge-based industries | Implies the current status of a KBE | Value added of knowledge-based industries in GDP (%). (Knowledge-based industries are defined by the OECD Scorecard 1999) |
2. Service export | Indicators of knowledge intensity and size of the service sector (exportable services are often knowledge-intensive) (knowledge-intensive) |
% of GDP. Commercial services include transportation, tourism, other private services, and income. |
3. High technology export | Index of knowledge intensity of production | % of GDP. (High technology includes all products of a number of industries (by definition) meaning of WB) |
4. Foreign direct investment (FDI) | Implies investor confidence in the economy. Also implies openness to influence. outside knowledge |
% of GDP. |
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5. Government transparency (dot)
point)
Implies policy clarity and (to a lesser extent) the absence of crony capitalism—both of which are necessary in a KBE. | WCY 1999, scale 1-10 (10 being best). | |
6. Financial transparency (dot) point) | Implies openness to foreign investment |
WCY 1999, scale 1-10 (10 being best). |
7. Competition policy (score) | Competition encourages innovation |
WCY 1999, scale 1-10 (10 being best). |
8. Opening (score) | Openness to foreign goods and services, which implies openness to new ideas. | WCY 1999, scale 1-10 (10 = “national protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from outside") |
ICT Infrastructure | ||
9. Mobile phones (over 1,000) People) | Technology absorption index |
Number of mobile phones used per 1000 people |
10. Telephone lines (over 1000 people) | Basic indicator of a country's telecommunications capacity | Phone line number used per 1000 people. |
11. Number of computers (per capita) | Implications for the uptake of new ICTs by business and the public wider field |
Number of computers per 1000 people |
12. Number of Internet users
Implies the uptake of new ICT by business and the wider community. Demonstrates the ability to engage in e-commerce and the collection and dissemination modern information | Number of Internet users (% of population) | |
13. Number of Internet servers (on 10000 people) | Implies active participation of business community in digital economy chemical |
Number of Internet servers per 10,000 inhabitants. |
14. E-commerce | Implies the scope of industries Traditional industries are adapting to the digital economy. |
Expected revenue from e-commerce |
Human resource development | ||
15. High school learn | Potential of the labor force future skilled workers |
UNESCO |
16. Number of bachelors of science graduate per year | Implies a flow of high-tech skills into the economy |
UNESCO |
17. % of knowledge workers | Implies the current status of a KBE | % of the workforce. Based on classification and data ILO occupations. |
18. Number of newspapers published per day over 1000 people | Implies the diffusion of ideas and (partly) cultural openness |
Number of daily publications per 1000 people |
19. Human Development Index
(HDI)
Broad index measures social development; KBE cannot develop unless all components of HDI is reasonably high. | The UNDP index is based on three indicators: life expectancy, literacy and living standards. | |
Innovation system | ||
20. Business R&D spending business (BERD)/GDP | Business commitment to knowledge creation |
Percentage of annual business spending on R&D as a percentage of GDP. |
21. Total R&D expenditure/GDP | Implies current efforts to construct new knowledge | Total annual expenditure on R&D, i.e. BERD plus government expenditure on R&D. Calculated by % GDP. |
22. Number of patents granted in the US each year | Companies with patents mainly registered in the US (main technology market) as well as in the country of origin. | Number of patents granted in the United States to citizens of the country of origin in a year. |
23. Researchers | Implies the potential for new knowledge creation |
Number of researchers per million population. |
24. Inter-company cooperation (period) point) | A section indicating the scope of knowledge networks | WCY 1999, scale 1-10 (10= “technical cooperation is common among companies”) |
25. Company-university cooperation (rating) | A section indicating the scope of knowledge networks | WCY 1999, scale 1- 10. (10= “there is full research cooperation between the company and university”) |
Appendix 2. World Bank's KAM knowledge economy measurement indicator system
Economic performance indicators.
1. Average GDP growth 1990-1999 (%) (World Development Indicators, WB, 2001)
2. Human Development Index 1999 (Human Development Report, UNDP, 2001)
3. Gender Development Index 1999 (Human Development Report, UNDP,
2001)
2001)
4. Poverty Index 1999 (Human Development Report, UNDP, 2001)
5. ICRG 2000 Venture Index (World Development Indicators, WB,
6. Unemployment rate, average 1996-1998 (World Development Indicators)
World Bank, WB, 2001)
7. Productivity growth 2000 (% change in GDP per worker) (World Competitiveness Report, 2001).
Indicators of economic regimes
8. Percentage of gross domestic investment in GDP (annual growth 1990-1999) (SIMA 2001 Dataset)
9. Trade share in GDP 1999 (World Development Indicators, WB, 2001)
10. Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers 2001 (Heritage Foundation, 2001).
11. Government Budget Surplus or Deficit, 1999 (SIMA)
12. Intellectual property rights are well protected (Global Competitiveness Report, WEF 2001)
13. Soundness of banks (Global Competitiveness Report, WEF 2001)
14. Adequate regulation and supervision of financial institutions (Global Competitiveness Report, WEF 2001)
15. Local competition (Global Competitiveness Report, WEF 2001)
16. Property Rights (Heritage Foundation, 2001)
17. Protection of property rights (Global Competitiveness Report, WEF 2001).
18. Regulation (Heritage Foundation, 2001)
Institutional indicators
19. Rule of Law (World Bank Institute, 2001)
20. Control of Corruption (World Bank Institute, 2001)
21. Legal Framework (World Bank Institute, 2001)
22. Government Effectiveness (World Bank Institute, 2001)
23. Accountability (World Bank Institute, 2001)
24. Political stability (World Bank Institute, 2001)
25. Freedom of the Press 1999 (Freedom Publishing House, 2001)
Human resource indicators
26. Literacy rate (% of people over 15 years old) 1999 (Human Development Report, UNDP, 2001)
27. Entered high school 1998 (SIMA)
28. Tertiary Enrollment Rate 1998 (World Development Indicators, WB, 2001)
29. Primary school teacher/student ratio (SIMA,2001)
30. Expected Life 1999 (SIMA)
31. People's flexibility to adapt to new challenges (World Competitiveness Report, IMD, 2001)
32. Public expenditure on education, % of GDP, 1999 (World Development Indicators, WB, 2001)
33. Number of professional and technical workers in the total workforce (ILO 2000)
34. Grade 8 Mathematics Level (TIMMS 1999)
35. Grade 8 Science Level (TIMMS, 1999)
36. National cultural openness to the outside (World Competitiveness Report, IMD, 2001)
37. Scope of employee training 2001 (Global Competitiveness Report, WEF 2001).
38. Management training in leading local business schools (Global Competitiveness Report, WEF 2001).
39. Highly qualified people do not leave the country (World Competitiveness Report, IMD, 2001)
40. Higher education meets the competitive demands of the economy (World Competitiveness Report, IMD, 2001)
Innovation system indicators
41. Percentage of FDI in GDP 1990-1999 (SIMA Database, 2001)
42. Total R&D expenditure in GNI 1987-1997 (World Development Indicators, WB, 2001)
43. Share of high-tech products in total manufactured exports 1999 (World Development Indicators, WB, 2001)
44. Number of researchers in the field of R&D (UNESCO, 1999)
45. Number of patents granted by USPTO 2000 (per 1 million population) (USPTO, 2000).
46. Number of technical documents per 1 million people (World Development Indicators, WB, 2001)
47. Payments for technology royalties and licenses in 1999, in millions of US dollars (World Development Indicators, WB, 2001)
48. Entrepreneurship of managers (World Competitiveness Report, IMD, 2001).
49. Venture capital availability (World Competitiveness Report, WEF, 2001)
50. Research cooperation between enterprises and universities (Global Competitiveness Report, WEF, 2001)
51. Technology Assessment Index (Human Development Report, 2001)
52. Proportion of science and technology majors in total university students (World Development Indicators, WB, 2001).
53. Share of manufactured goods in GDP ( SIMA dataset ).
54. Private spending on R&D (Global Competitiveness Report, WEF, 2001).
55. The complexity of administrative procedures for initiating new issues (Global Competitiveness Report, WEF, 2001).
Information infrastructure indicators
56. Number of telephones (including fixed and mobile) per 1000 inhabitants, 1999 (ITU, 2000)
57. Telephone numbers per 1000 inhabitants, 1999 (ITU, 2000)
58. Number of mobile telephones per 1000 inhabitants, 1999 (ITU, 2000)
59. Number of computers per 1000 inhabitants, 1999 (ITU, 2000)
60. Number of radios per 1000 people, 1999 (World Development Indicators, WB,
2001)
61. Number of stations per 1000 people, 1999 (World Development Indicators, WB, 2001)
62. Daily newspapers per 1000 inhabitants, 1996 (World Development Indicators)
World Bank, WB, 2001)
63. Investment in telecommunications as a share of GDP, 1998 (World Competitiveness Report, IMD, 2001)