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Factors affecting the quality of human resources in the tourism sector of Ba Ria - Vung Tau province - 2

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Summary of factors affecting the quality of human resources 15

Table 2.1: Major occupational groups in the Tourism and related industries 33

Table 2.2: Job titles of 6 popular occupations in the Tourism industry 33

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Table 2.3: Health classification by physical fitness 47

Table 2.4: Summary of research hypotheses 72

Factors affecting the quality of human resources in the tourism sector of Ba Ria - Vung Tau province - 2

Table 3.1: Local Policy Scale 85

Table 3.2: Scale of Cooperation with Mining Facilities 87

Table 3.3: Employee Rights Scale 89

Table 3.4: Work Environment Factor Scale 91

Table 3.5: Vocational Training Factor Scale 92

Table 3.6: Job Evaluation Factor Scale 94

Table 3.7: Labor Recruitment Factor Scale 95

Table 3.8: Human resource quality scale 98

Table 3.9: Cronbach's Alpha Results Local Policy 99

Table 3.10: Cronbach's Alpha Results of Collaboration with 100

Table 3.11: Cronbach's Alpha Results Employee Benefits 101

Table 3.12: Cronbach's Alpha Results Work Environment 101

Table 3.13: Cronbach's Alpha Results Vocational Training 102

Table 3.14: Cronbach's Alpha 102 results

Table 3.15: Cronbach's Alpha Results Labor Recruitment 103

Table 3.16: Cronbach's Alpha Human resource quality 103

Table 3.17: Results of exploratory factor analysis EFA 104

Table 3.18: Scales after adjustment 105

Table 4.1: Statistics of the number of surveyed enterprises 109

Table 4.2: Cronbach's Alpha results of the scales 111

Table 4.3: Results of exploratory factor analysis EFA 113

Table 4.4: Composite reliability and extracted variance 115

Table 4.5: Results of relationship testing in research model 117

Table 4.6: Results of testing research hypotheses 118

Table 4.7: Bootstrap test results 119

Table 4.8: Statistical results of local policy assessment scores 120

Table 4.9: Statistical results of evaluation score 122

Table 4.10: Statistics of assessment scores of Employee Benefits 123

Table 4.11: Statistics of Work Environment assessment scores 124

Table 4.12: Statistics of Vocational Training assessment scores 125

Table 4.13: Statistics of factor evaluation scores Job Evaluation 126

Table 4.14: Statistics of evaluation scores of Labor Recruitment 127

Table 4.15: Average rating scores of the 128 scales

LIST OF IMAGES

Figure 1.1: Total number of tourists and number of guests staying 5

Figure 1.2: Number of accommodation establishments 6

Figure 1.3: Current status of tourism labor in Ba Ria-Vung Tau province 7

Figure 2.1: Employee capacity 42

Figure 2.2: Criteria for evaluating CLNNL in the tourism sector 49

Figure 2.3: Structure of the remuneration system in enterprises 56

Figure 2.4: Research model 73

Figure 3.1: Research process 77

Figure 4.1: CFA analysis results 114

Figure 4.2: SEM results of theoretical model 116




OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH TOPIC


In this chapter, the author introduces the main features of Vietnam's tourism industry and an overview of the tourism industry in Ba Ria-Vung Tau province. At the same time, the author states the reasons for choosing the research topic, presents the results of a review of previous related research works in the country as well as abroad. Next, the research objectives, objects and scope of the research are set. The research method of the thesis is also presented in this chapter.

1.1 Overview of Vietnam's tourism industry and Ba Ria - Vung Tau province

1.1.1 Introduction to Vietnam tourism industry


Tourism is a comprehensive economic sector that is increasingly asserting its important role in the economic development of Vietnam as well as countries around the world, especially in developed countries. In Vietnam, in recent years, the tourism industry has had remarkable development. According to the General Department of Tourism - Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, the data in the Global Tourism Competitiveness Report published by the World Economic Forum in the first quarter of 2017, our country's tourism industry ranked 67th out of 136 countries and territories, while in 2015, Vietnam ranked 75th out of 141 countries. The main advantages that create competitiveness for Vietnam's tourism industry include factors such as culture, natural resources and price and cost competitiveness. Vietnam has also shown great improvement in its capacity and level of information technology use. In particular, its human resources and labor market are assessed to have made significant progress. If in 2015 it was only ranked 55th out of 141 countries, by 2017 it was ranked 37th out of 136 countries and territories. Thus, in a period of 2 years, Vietnam has improved by 18 ranks.

Vietnam is a country with many advantages in terms of geographical location as well as tourism resources and culture, so it can provide all types of common tourism products in the ASEAN bloc, thereby contributing to diversifying current tourism products and taking advantage of connecting tour sources in the region. In addition, we also have unique tourism products such as tourism


revisiting old battlefields, cave exploration tourism. These products will contribute to increasing the attractiveness of ASEAN tourism in general and the ability to connect visitors between Vietnam and other countries in the region and vice versa. In general, it can be seen that Vietnam's tourism products are quite competitive compared to many countries in the ASEAN region when considering the diversity of tourism resources, the attractiveness of natural landscapes, cultural values, history and heritage (Nguyen Duc Tan, 2016). Other factors such as people and product implementation organization are at a fairly average level in the region.

According to statistics released by the General Department of Tourism in 2019, the total number of domestic tourists as well as the number of foreign tourists to Vietnam has always had good growth every year. Specifically, the number of Vietnamese tourists traveling domestically in 2014 was 38,500,000, and by 2015 it had increased sharply to 57,000,000 (an increase of 48% compared to 2014). In 2016, the number of domestic tourists reached 62,000,000 (an increase of 8.77% compared to 2015). And by 2018, the total number of domestic tourists had increased to 80,000,000 (an increase of 29% compared to 2016). Meanwhile, the number of international visitors to Vietnam in 2015 was 7,943,651, by 2016 it had increased to 10,012,735 (up 26% compared to 2015), in 2017 it reached 12,922,152 (up 29.1% compared to 2016), by 2018 it had increased to 15,497,791 (up 19.9% ​​compared to 2017). And the first 8 months of 2019 (up to the end of August 2019) reached 11,309,232 (up 8.7% compared to the same period in 2018).

Regarding the number of accommodation establishments rated 1 star or higher (including hotels, motels, resorts, villas and tourist apartments), in 2015 the total number of accommodation establishments was 13,023 with 288,935 bedrooms, then by 2016 it increased to 14,453 establishments (an increase of 11% compared to 2015) with 318,237 bedrooms. By 2017 the number of accommodation establishments reached 17,422 establishments (an increase of 20.5% compared to 2016) with 370,907 bedrooms. However, by 2018 the total number of accommodation establishments rated decreased to 15,628 establishments (a decrease of 10.3% compared to 2017) with 353,923 bedrooms.

Statistics on the number of international travel businesses nationwide in 2015 are

1,519 enterprises, by 2016 the number of international travel enterprises had


increased to 1,600 enterprises (up 5.3% compared to 2015). By 2017, the number of international travel enterprises was 1,752 enterprises (up 9.5% compared to 2016). And especially by 2018, the number of international travel enterprises increased sharply to 2,022 enterprises (up 15.4% compared to 2017).

Regarding tourism human resources, Vietnam currently has about 2,000,000 people working in the tourism industry. Of these, about 8,000 have post-graduate degrees (accounting for 0.4%); 240,000 have university and college degrees (accounting for 12%); 3,00,000 have intermediate degrees (accounting for 15%); 392,000 have primary degrees (accounting for 19.6%); and about 1,060,000 have below primary degrees (accounting for 53%). Thus, it can be seen that the tourism workforce with below primary degrees accounts for a large proportion, meaning that the quality of labor is quite low. Among those working in the tourism industry, there are currently about 250,000 people working in travel agencies, hotels, and tourism companies. In the direct working group, only 42% are trained in tourism, 38% are people from other industries and the remaining 20% ​​have no training at all, besides there are about 750,000 people working indirectly, this number is completely untrained. The reality of the distribution of tourism human resources is uneven. The majority of qualified and well-trained people work in hotels, tourist areas, and large tourist centers, while in remote areas, trained workers are very rare, making it even more difficult to have highly qualified and quality trained people (Nguyen Lam Tung, 2017).

Thus, through the above statistics, it can be seen that in recent times, Vietnam's tourism industry has had strong growth in many aspects, such as: the expansion of the scale of tourism businesses, along with systematic investment in the system of technical facilities serving tourism business. At the same time, the direct and indirect labor force in the tourism industry has increased rapidly in number. Along with that is the growth of domestic and international tourists to Vietnam. The growth in the number of travel businesses, accommodation facilities (including hotels, motels, resorts, tourist apartments) has also increased the tourism human resources sharply in recent times. However, the quality of human resources is still low, especially the training level of workers. This is a problem that needs to be overcome in the coming time.


1.1.2 Overview of tourism industry in Ba Ria-Vung Tau province

Ba Ria-Vung Tau province has many advantages in terms of sea and islands and other natural conditions for tourism development. In recent years, the tourism industry has played an important role in the socio-economic development of the locality. Ba Ria-Vung Tau province is located on the sea route connecting the East Sea and the international cargo transit station, has a convenient sea transport system, is close to the tourism center of the Southeast region, and is considered to have the most potential and diversity in the Southeast region in terms of natural and cultural resources such as: potential for sea and islands; rich in ecosystems, natural landscapes, National Parks, Conservation Areas..., has many historical revolutionary relics in the historical periods of the country's development. The tourism industry of Ba Ria-Vung Tau province is important for the development of Vietnam's tourism and tourism in the Southeast region. Being a locality with many important destinations, connecting tourism programs and tourism products with the road, river and sea transport system with provinces in the Southeast region, domestically and internationally, is a favorable condition to attract and share tourist resources in the Southeast region.

In recent years, tourism indicators of Ba Ria-Vung Tau province have achieved positive results: The average growth rate of visitors to the province in the period 2005 - 2015 was 11.32%/year, of which international visitors was 9.6%/year, domestic visitors was 11.39%/year, specifically: in 2005, over 5 million tourists were welcomed, then 10 years later, by 2015, the number of visitors increased 3 times, reaching 15 million visitors, of which international visitors were 530 thousand visitors and domestic visitors were 14.47 million visitors; this is a relatively high growth rate compared to many localities in the Southeast region. However, international tourists still account for a low proportion of 3.7%, while domestic tourists account for over 96.3% of the total number of visitors (Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Ba Ria-Vung Tau province, 2016).

Also according to statistics of the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Ba Ria - Vung Tau province, in the first 6 months of 2016, the total number of tourists to the province was 9,477,302, reaching 56.13% of the yearly plan. Of which, the number of international visitors was 307,408, reaching 51.32% of the yearly plan; domestic visitors were 9,169,894, reaching 56.31% of the yearly plan; In 2017, the total number of tourists to Ba Ria - Vung Tau province increased by over 20% compared to the same period last year. Of which, the total number of overnight visitors was 2.79 million, reaching 105.3

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