b) Activities to develop management staff
28 questions were asked to measure the activities of developing human resources in enterprises. The results of the reliability analysis of the scale are presented in table 3.5 below:
Table 3.5: Cronbach's Alpha results of Human Resource Development Activities in Enterprises
STT
Content | Cronbach's Alpha | Question | Number of questions | |
1 | Activities to develop human resource management | 0.885 | III.B.1 – III.B.28 | 28 |
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(Source: Author's survey results, 2012)
The value of Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for the variable Activities to develop human resources in enterprises is 0.885. This indicates that the reliability of the above questions has met the requirements set forth by Nunnally (1995).
In summary, the results of Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient analysis show that the above factors ensure reliability. This proves that the scale is suitable and usable.
3.2.3. Data processing
Collected data is processed using SPSS software version 13.0. After being coded and cleaned, the data will be analyzed through the following steps:
- Evaluate scale reliability through Cronbach's Alpha coefficient:
The Cronbach's Alpha model belongs to the group of methods for assessing internal correlation (also known as assessing internal reliability). The general idea of this method is to look for absurdities if any in the answers, for example, if someone in question A answered that "policy Z is very good and gave the highest score for this policy: but in question B when asked about the benefits of Z this person said "Z is not useful at all" then the data correlation is not consistent with logical inference. That leads to possible biases when exploiting data.
Lee Cronbach (1916 - 2001) proposed a coefficient to measure the reliability of quantitative data in surveys based on estimating the rate of change of each variable that other variables cannot explain (not shown in other variables). This coefficient is named after him and is called Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient ( ). This is a measure, not a model used for testing, so people agree on a value level that when exceeds this level, it can be considered that the data is reliable. In application, the acceptable level of is 0.6 - 0.7 for socio-economic data, a value of approximately 0.8 is considered very good (Hoang Trong - Chu Nguyen Mong Ngoc, 2008). Therefore, for this thesis, Cronbach's Alpha from 0.6 or higher is acceptable.
Descriptive statistics to evaluate factors affecting the development of human resource management and the current status of human resource management development in SMEs in the animal feed production industry.
CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 3
In chapter 3, the author presented in detail the methods and procedures for conducting research. The contents include research design, qualitative research, measurement scales and formal quantitative research. In this part, the author also presented the steps for conducting quantitative research from questionnaire design, sample design, data collection, steps and content of data analysis. These are important bases for processing collected data and presenting research results in the next chapter.
CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH RESULTS
4.1. Overview of Vietnam's animal feed industry
4.1.1. Development of Vietnam's animal feed industry through stages
Since the 1990s, the Vietnamese animal feed industry has developed rapidly along with the development of the livestock industry. The average growth rate in total animal feed output has tended to increase since 2000, reaching an average of about 13.5% from 2000 to 2012. In 2004, due to the impact of rising raw material prices and avian influenza, a number of animal feed production facilities had to stop operating or reduce operating capacity, so the output of poultry feed decreased by 30-35%, so the growth rate was low (1.3%). In 2005, with the recovery of the livestock industry, there was compensatory growth, with output increasing by 37.02% compared to 2004.
Table 4.1: Industrial animal feed production in the period 2000 - 2011
Unit: 1,000 tons
Year
Mixed feed | Concentrated food | Total | Mixed feed convert | Average growth rate (%) | |
2000 | 1,700 | 330 | 2,030 | 2,690 | |
2001 | 1,950 | 350 | 2,300 | 3,000 | 11.5 |
2002 | 2,400 | 340 | 2,740 | 3,420 | 14.0 |
2003 | 2,650 | 400 | 3,050 | 3,850 | 12.6 |
2004 | 2,700 | 400 | 3,100 | 3,900 | 1.3 |
2005 | 3,238 | 702 | 3,940 | 5,344 | 37.0 |
2006 | 4,361 | 747 | 5.118 | 6,600 | 23.5 |
2007 | 5,300 | 825 | 6.125 | 7,776 | 17.8 |
2008 | 6,882 | 684 | 7,567 | 8,935 | 14.9 |
2009 | 9,503 | 11.1 |
10,504 | 10.5 | ||||
2011 | 11,504 | 8.5 | |||
Average (%) | 13.5 |
2010
(Source: Livestock development strategy to 2020, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2010)
At the end of 2006, Vietnam officially became a member of the WTO. Joining this global "playground", in addition to the advantages of an open market and fair treatment, our country's agricultural sector must face greater challenges and competition from foreign markets due to the requirement to lower protective tariffs on domestic products and compete fairly. In recent years, livestock farming has increasingly accounted for a high proportion and played an important role in Vietnam's agricultural sector. In the period 2001-2006, the average livestock farming growth rate was 8.5% and currently accounts for about 25% of the total agricultural value. To achieve the livestock farming growth target of 38% in 2015 and 42% in 2020, the animal feed production industry needs to maintain and develop at a rate of about 8% in the coming years. Realizing the potential profits in animal feed production, more and more domestic and foreign enterprises are establishing their businesses in Vietnam. In addition, thanks to the Vietnamese Government's innovation policies as well as encouragement of domestic and foreign investment, multinational feed production enterprises such as Cargill, CP, Proconco and Japfa have begun operating in Vietnam.
Over the past years, the demand for imported animal feed and raw materials for processing has tended to increase continuously. If in 2001, the import turnover was only 200 million USD, by 2006, this value had increased 4 times, reaching 800 million USD. In the first quarter of 2007, the import turnover reached 232 USD, an increase of 63.8% compared to the first quarter of 2006. By June 2007, the total import turnover of animal feed nationwide had reached 538 million USD, an increase of 76.3% compared to the same period in 2006. At the end of the third quarter of 2007, the import turnover of animal feed had reached 902 million USD, an increase of 56% compared to the same period last year.
Domestic supply of raw materials for animal feed production, especially protein-rich raw materials, is still limited compared to domestic demand, so businesses have to import to compensate.
shortage. The data in Table 4.2 clearly shows that the Vietnamese feed industry depends more on the import of protein-rich feed ingredients than on energy-rich ingredients. Furthermore, the domestic feed industry has not been able to produce supplementary feed and additives.
Table 4.2: Imported animal feed over the years
Unit: million tons
Ingredient
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | ||||
Output | USD(billion) | Output | USD(billion) | Output | USD(billion) | |
Energy rich food | 1.94 | 0.42 | 3.15 | 0.75 | 3.86 | 1.24 |
Protein rich foods | 4.04 | 1.58 | 4.41 | 1.84 | 4.8 | 2.34 |
Food supplement | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.09 |
Mineral supplements (dicalcium, moxacalcium phosphate) | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.02 |
Total | 6.07 | 2.07 | 7.77 | 2.69 | 8.91 | 3.69 |
(Source: Livestock development strategy to 2020, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2010)
4.1.2. Development situation of small and medium enterprises in Vietnam's animal feed production industry
According to statistics, there are currently 241 animal feed production enterprises nationwide (16.2% foreign, 6.4% joint venture and 77.4% domestic). The distribution of animal feed production enterprises is mainly concentrated in the Red River Delta, with 106 enterprises, accounting for 44.4% and the Southeast region with 67 enterprises, accounting for 28%. The Vietnamese government encourages enterprises to invest in the domestic animal feed production industry, so the number of enterprises participating is increasing, of which about 20-25 enterprises have built their own brands, with an investment of 2-3 million.
USD. About 30 enterprises invested over 10 billion VND, the rest are small factories, producing 100-300 tons of animal feed per month. The total investment capital of Vietnamese enterprises is about 100 million USD, with a capacity of about 2 million tons/year. Currently, there are about 15 foreign enterprises operating in the animal feed production sector in Vietnam with a total of 36 factories.
- 40 factories with a capacity of 3.6 - 4 million tons/year, of which some large enterprises stand out such as: Cargill, Proconco, CP group, New Hope.... Estimated investment capital, foreign enterprises invest 75% of the total, domestic enterprises account for about 25% of the investment value for the animal feed production industry.
Table 4.3: Number of enterprises producing animal feed in 2010
STT
Ecological zone | Foreign Joint Venture | Domestic | Total | Rate (%) | |
1 | Red River Delta | 19 | 87 | 106 | 44.4 |
2 | North TB and DHMT | 5 | 16 | 20 | 8.4 |
3 | Central Highlands | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0.8 |
4 | Mekong Delta | 9 | 25 | 34 | 14.2 |
5 | Southeast | 19 | 49 | 67 | 28.0 |
6 | TD and MNPB | 2 | 8 | 10 | 4.2 |
Total | 54 | 187 | 241 | 100.0 |
(Source: Livestock development strategy to 2020, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2010)
Although the number of enterprises only accounts for 18% of the total number of industrial feed enterprises in Vietnam, the processing capacity of joint venture and foreign enterprises accounts for 66.4% of the total production output in 2010, reaching 5.8 million tons. Domestic enterprises are mainly private and joint stock enterprises, mainly small and medium-sized, with the total capacity in 2010 reaching only nearly 3 million tons, accounting for 33.6%.
Table 4.4: Total designed capacity of animal feed production enterprises (1,000 tons)
Form of ownership
2008 | 2009 | 2010 | ||||
Total capacity | % | Total capacity | % | Total capacity | % | |
State-owned | 613 | 11.3 | ||||
Share | 143 | 2.6 | 2,739 | 35.7 | 2,956 | 33.6 |
Private | 1.151 | 21.1 | ||||
Joint venture, 100% foreign capital | 3,538 | 65 | 4,922 | 64.3 | 5,847 | 66.4 |
Total | 5,445 | 100 | 7,661 | 100 | 8.804 | 100 |
(Source: Livestock development strategy to 2020, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2010)
In 2010, the number of enterprises with a capacity of less than 5,000 tons decreased compared to 2009 from 145 to 123 enterprises, corresponding to a ratio of 58.2% to 50.6%. The type of enterprises with medium and large capacity of over 5,000 tons increased from 104 to 119 enterprises. The total number of domestic production enterprises (State-owned, Joint Stock, Private) decreased by 15 enterprises, 100% foreign-owned enterprises and Joint Ventures increased by 7 enterprises. This is a competition in production scale and product quality of industrial feed production enterprises with large capacity, better quality than enterprises with small capacity. Our country has joined the WTO, which requires industrial feed production factories to produce more output, better quality and lower costs to meet the increasing needs of society.
Almost all of the world's leading feed manufacturing corporations are present in Vietnam; CP Group (Thailand); Cargill (USA), NewHope (China)... Thanks to their influence, Vietnamese enterprises have also learned methods of organizing production, business, market... so from 1995 to now, there have been a number of successful private and joint stock enterprises specializing in feed such as: VINA, Long Chau, Thanh Binh (Dong Nai), VIC (Hai Phong), Ha Viet, Quang Minh, Thien Ly (Hanoi), Hoan Duong.
(Ha Nam), Tien Giang Livestock Enterprise, AFIEX (An Giang), Tan Loi (Ben Tre), Co May (Dong Thap)...
In general, over the past 20 years of opening up, Vietnam's animal feed industry has flourished, accessing science and world production and business, contributing significantly to increasing productivity and quality of livestock, reducing production costs. However, there are still shortcomings that need to be overcome in the coming time to build a sustainable livestock industry.
4.1.3. Contribution of small and medium enterprises in the Vietnamese animal feed production industry
a) Create jobs for workers
Practice has shown that small and medium enterprises in the animal feed industry are often located in rural areas and thus contribute to creating employment opportunities in this area. These small and medium enterprises are the most favorable places to receive the number of workers, especially in rural areas, which increases every year; at the same time, they also receive the number of workers from state-owned enterprises that are redundant through equitization, assignment, sale, contracting, leasing, and bankruptcy of enterprises that are currently being implemented.
What needs special attention now is that along with the speed of urbanization, the formation of industrial parks and export processing zones, the number of farmers who no longer have land to cultivate is increasing, and they need new jobs. According to the Ministry of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs, survey data in 8 provinces and cities shows that 2,400 households have had their agricultural land recovered, and up to 73.7% of those whose land has been recovered have no other personal means than farming, so life is very difficult. On average, 1 hectare of recovered land will cause 13 agricultural workers to lose their jobs; meanwhile, land converted to industrial and service work can create jobs for 50-100 workers, but these must be skilled workers with expertise and professionalism. Therefore, the situation of job loss, no opportunity to change personal means, no income or low, unstable income, difficult life ... is currently a major concern of people whose land has been recovered.
SMEs have great potential to attract workers because the investment cost for a job here is much lower than that of large enterprises, mainly due to low costs and attraction.