Kentsui, Osae Uke, Nukite Tate Uchi, Morote Uke, Jodan Shuto Age Uke, . Review and master the basic stances and techniques learned.
- About boxing technique: Heian Nidan
- About sparring techniques: Gohon kumite (Migi and Hidari)
3. Physical development: Including morphology, body functions, motor qualities (speed, strength, endurance, motor coordination and flexibility).
4. Developing personality, morality, and will: Developing personality, morality, training perseverance, self-discipline, modesty, and the ability to endure hardship and suffering.
5. For gifted students, they are discovered, selected and trained in higher expertise.
6. Meet the needs of the learner and his family when practicing Karate-do extracurricular activities
3. Time
Total 60 lessons, equivalent to 30 lesson plans. Practice 3 sessions per week (including 2 in-class sessions and 1 self-study session). Practice for 3 months.
4. Prerequisites
Love to practice sports in general and Karate-do in particular.
Completed the Kyu 9 white belt program and passed the exam for the Kyu 8 yellow belt.
5. Summary
The program provides basic knowledge about Karate-do such as characteristics of formation, development, rules of Karate-do training, basic requirements when practicing, hygiene and nutrition when participating in training, moral education, willpower and practical skills including attack techniques, hand techniques, foot techniques, boxing and sparring.
6. Program distribution
TT
Content | Distribution (section) | Total (section) | ||||
Theory | Practice | Self-study | Mobility | |||
1 | - Overview of the kata in Karate-do - The meaning of practicing boxing in Karate-do - Moral education in Karate-do | *1 | *1 | |||
2 | Basic techniques | 14 | 8 | 3 | 25 | |
3 | Legal rights | 6 | 2 | 1 | 9 | |
4 | Practice | 4 | 2 | 1 | 7 | |
5 | Physical | *2 | *2 | *2 | ||
6 | Review | 14 | 2 | 1 | 17 | |
7 | Belt upgrade test | 2 | 2 | |||
Total: | 0 | 40 | 14 | 6 | 60 | |
Maybe you are interested!
-
![Qos Assurance Methods for Multimedia Communications
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low. The EF PHB requires a sufficiently large number of output ports to provide low delay, low loss, and low jitter.
EF PHBs can be implemented if the output ports bandwidth is sufficiently large, combined with small buffer sizes and other network resources dedicated to EF packets, to allow the routers service rate for EF packets on an output port to exceed the arrival rate λ of packets at that port.
This means that packets with PHB EF are considered with a pre-allocated amount of output bandwidth and a priority that ensures minimum loss, minimum delay and minimum jitter before being put into operation.
PHB EF is suitable for channel simulation, leased line simulation, and real-time services such as voice, video without compromising on high loss, delay and jitter values.
Figure 2.10 Example of EF installation
Figure 2.10 shows an example of an EF PHB implementation. This is a simple priority queue scheduling technique. At the edges of the DS domain, EF packet traffic is prioritized according to the values agreed upon by the SLA. The EF queue in the figure needs to output packets at a rate higher than the packet arrival rate λ. To provide an EF PHB over an end-to-end DS domain, bandwidth at the output ports of the core routers needs to be allocated in advance to ensure the requirement μ > λ. This can be done by a pre-configured provisioning process. In the figure, EF packets are placed in the priority queue (the upper queue). With such a length, the queue can operate with μ > λ.
Since EF was primarily used for real-time services such as voice and video, and since real-time services use UDP instead of TCP, RED is generally
not suitable for EF queues because applications using UDP will not respond to random packet drop and RED will strip unnecessary packets.
2.2.4.2 Assured Forwarding (AF) PHB
PHB AF is defined by RFC 2597. The purpose of PHB AF is to deliver packets reliably and therefore delay and jitter are considered less important than packet loss. PHB AF is suitable for non-real-time services such as applications using TCP. PHB AF first defines four classes: AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4. For each of these AF classes, packets are then classified into three subclasses with three distinct priority levels.
Table 2.8 shows the four AF classes and 12 AF subclasses and the DSCP values for the 12 AF subclasses defined by RFC 2597. RFC 2597 also allows for more than three separate priority levels to be added for internal use. However, these separate priority levels will only have internal significance.
PHB Class
PHB Subclass
Package type
DSCP
AF4
AF41
Short
100010
AF42
Medium
100100
AF43
High
100110
AF3
AF31
Short
011010
AF32
Medium
011100
AF33
High
011110
AF2
AF21
Short
010010
AF22
Medium
010100
AF23
High
010110
AF1
AF11
Short
001010
AF12
Medium
001100
AF13
High
001110
Table 2.8 AF DSCPs
The AF PHB ensures that packets are forwarded with a high probability of delivery to the destination within the bounds of the rate agreed upon in an SLA. If AF traffic at an ingress port exceeds the pre-priority rate, which is considered non-compliant or “out of profile”, the excess packets will not be delivered to the destination with the same probability as the packets belonging to the defined traffic or “in profile” packets. When there is network congestion, the out of profile packets are dropped before the in profile packets are dropped.
When service levels are defined using AF classes, different quantity and quality between AF classes can be realized by allocating different amounts of bandwidth and buffer space to the four AF classes. Unlike
EF, most AF traffic is non-real-time traffic using TCP, and the RED queue management strategy is an AQM (Adaptive Queue Management) strategy suitable for use in AF PHBs. The four AF PHB layers can be implemented as four separate queues. The output port bandwidth is divided into four AF queues. For each AF queue, packets are marked with three “colors” corresponding to three separate priority levels.
In addition to the 32 DSCP 1 groups defined in Table 2.8, 21 DSCPs have been standardized as follows: one for PHB EF, 12 for PHB AF, and 8 for CSCP. There are 11 DSCP 1 groups still available for other standards.
2.2.5.Example of Differentiated Services
We will look at an example of the Differentiated Service model and mechanism of operation. The architecture of Differentiated Service consists of two basic sets of functions:
Edge functions: include packet classification and traffic conditioning. At the inbound edge of the network, incoming packets are marked. In particular, the DS field in the packet header is set to a certain value. For example, in Figure 2.12, packets sent from H1 to H3 are marked at R1, while packets from H2 to H4 are marked at R2. The labels on the received packets identify the service class to which they belong. Different traffic classes receive different services in the core network. The RFC definition uses the term behavior aggregate rather than the term traffic class. After being marked, a packet can be forwarded immediately into the network, delayed for a period of time before being forwarded, or dropped. We will see that there are many factors that affect how a packet is marked, and whether it is forwarded immediately, delayed, or dropped.
Figure 2.12 DiffServ Example
Core functionality: When a DS-marked packet arrives at a Diffservcapable router, the packet is forwarded to the next router based on
Per-hop behavior is associated with packet classes. Per-hop behavior affects router buffers and the bandwidth shared between competing classes. An important principle of the Differentiated Service architecture is that a routers per-hop behavior is based only on the packets marking or the class to which it belongs. Therefore, if packets sent from H1 to H3 as shown in the figure receive the same marking as packets from H2 to H4, then the network routers treat the packets exactly the same, regardless of whether the packet originated from H1 or H2. For example, R3 does not distinguish between packets from h1 and H2 when forwarding packets to R4. Therefore, the Differentiated Service architecture avoids the need to maintain router state about separate source-destination pairs, which is important for network scalability.
Chapter Conclusion
Chapter 2 has presented and clarified two main models of deploying and installing quality of service in IP networks. While the traditional best-effort model has many disadvantages, later models such as IntServ and DiffServ have partly solved the problems that best-effort could not solve. IntServ follows the direction of ensuring quality of service for each separate flow, it is built similar to the circuit switching model with the use of the RSVP resource reservation protocol. IntSer is suitable for services that require fixed bandwidth that is not shared such as VoIP services, multicast TV services. However, IntSer has disadvantages such as using a lot of network resources, low scalability and lack of flexibility. DiffServ was born with the idea of solving the disadvantages of the IntServ model.
DiffServ follows the direction of ensuring quality based on the principle of hop-by-hop behavior based on the priority of marked packets. The policy for different types of traffic is decided by the administrator and can be changed according to reality, so it is very flexible. DiffServ makes better use of network resources, avoiding idle bandwidth and processing capacity on routers. In addition, the DifServ model can be deployed on many independent domains, so the ability to expand the network becomes easy.
Chapter 3: METHODS TO ENSURE QoS FOR MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS
In packet-switched networks, different packet flows often have to share the transmission medium all the way to the destination station. To ensure the fair and efficient allocation of bandwidth to flows, appropriate serving mechanisms are required at network nodes, especially at gateways or routers, where many different data flows often pass through. The scheduler is responsible for serving packets of the selected flow and deciding which packet will be served next. Here, a flow is understood as a set of packets belonging to the same priority class, or originating from the same source, or having the same source and destination addresses, etc.
In normal state when there is no congestion, packets will be sent as soon as they are delivered. In case of congestion, if QoS assurance methods are not applied, prolonged congestion can cause packet drops, affecting service quality. In some cases, congestion is prolonged and widespread in the network, which can easily lead to the network being frozen, or many packets being dropped, seriously affecting service quality.
Therefore, in this chapter, in sections 3.2 and 3.3, we introduce some typical network traffic load monitoring techniques to predict and prevent congestion before it occurs through the measure of dropping (removing) packets early when there are signs of impending congestion.
3.1. DropTail method
DropTail is a simple, traditional queue management method based on FIFO mechanism. All incoming packets are placed in the queue, when the queue is full, the later packets are dropped.
Due to its simplicity and ease of implementation, DropTail has been used for many years on Internet router systems. However, this algorithm has the following disadvantages:
− Cannot avoid the phenomenon of “Lock out”: Occurs when 1 or several traffic streams monopolize the queue, making packets of other connections unable to pass through the router. This phenomenon greatly affects reliable transmission protocols such as TCP. According to the anti-congestion algorithm, when locked out, the TCP connection stream will reduce the window size and reduce the packet transmission speed exponentially.
− Can cause Global Synchronization: This is the result of a severe “Lock out” phenomenon. Some neighboring routers have their queues monopolized by a number of connections, causing a series of other TCP connections to be unable to pass through and simultaneously reducing the transmission speed. After those monopolized connections are temporarily suspended,
Once the queue is cleared, it takes a considerable amount of time for TCP connections to return to their original speed.
− Full Queue phenomenon: Data transmitted on the Internet often has an explosion, packets arriving at the router are often in clusters rather than in turn. Therefore, the operating mechanism of DropTail makes the queue easily full for a long period of time, leading to the average delay time of large packets. To avoid this phenomenon, with DropTail, the only way is to increase the routers buffer, this method is very expensive and ineffective.
− No QoS guarantee: With the DropTail mechanism, there is no way to prioritize important packets to be transmitted through the router earlier when all are in the queue. Meanwhile, with multimedia communication, ensuring connection and stable speed is extremely important and the DropTail algorithm cannot satisfy.
The problem of choosing the buffer size of the routers in the network is to “absorb” short bursts of traffic without causing too much queuing delay. This is necessary in bursty data transmission. The queue size determines the size of the packet bursts (traffic spikes) that we want to be able to transmit without being dropped at the routers.
In IP-based application networks, packet dropping is an important mechanism for indirectly reporting congestion to end stations. A solution that prevents router queues from filling up while reducing the packet drop rate is called dynamic queue management.
3.2. Random elimination method – RED
3.2.1 Overview
RED (Random Early Detection of congestion; Random Early Drop) is one of the first AQM algorithms proposed in 1993 by Sally Floyd and Van Jacobson, two scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory of the University of California, USA. Due to its outstanding advantages compared to previous queue management algorithms, RED has been widely installed and deployed on the Internet.
The most fundamental point of their work is that the most effective place to detect congestion and react to it is at the gateway or router.
Source entities (senders) can also do this by estimating end-to-end delay, throughput variability, or the rate of packet retransmissions due to drop. However, the sender and receiver view of a particular connection cannot tell which gateways on the network are congested, and cannot distinguish between propagation delay and queuing delay. Only the gateway has a true view of the state of the queue, the link share of the connections passing through it at any given time, and the quality of service requirements of the
traffic flows. The RED gateway monitors the average queue length, which detects early signs of impending congestion (average queue length exceeding a predetermined threshold) and reacts appropriately in one of two ways:
− Drop incoming packets with a certain probability, to indirectly inform the source of congestion, the source needs to reduce the transmission rate to keep the queue from filling up, maintaining the ability to absorb incoming traffic spikes.
− Mark “congestion” with a certain probability in the ECN field in the header of TCP packets to notify the source (the receiving entity will copy this bit into the acknowledgement packet).
Figure 3. 1 RED algorithm
The main goal of RED is to avoid congestion by keeping the average queue size within a sufficiently small and stable region, which also means keeping the queuing delay sufficiently small and stable. Achieving this goal also helps: avoid global synchronization, not resist bursty traffic flows (i.e. flows with low average throughput but high volatility), and maintain an upper bound on the average queue size even in the absence of cooperation from transport layer protocols.
To achieve the above goals, RED gateways must do the following:
− The first is to detect congestion early and react appropriately to keep the average queue size small enough to keep the network operating in the low latency, high throughput region, while still allowing the queue size to fluctuate within a certain range to absorb short-term fluctuations. As discussed above, the gateway is the most appropriate place to detect congestion and is also the most appropriate place to decide which specific connection to report congestion to.
− The second thing is to notify the source of congestion. This is done by marking and notifying the source to reduce traffic. Normally the RED gateway will randomly drop packets. However, if congestion
If congestion is detected before the queue is full, it should be combined with packet marking to signal congestion. The RED gateway has two options: drop or mark; where marking is done by marking the ECN field of the packet with a certain probability, to signal the source to reduce the traffic entering the network.
− An important goal that RED gateways need to achieve is to avoid global synchronization and not to resist traffic flows that have a sudden characteristic. Global synchronization occurs when all connections simultaneously reduce their transmission window size, leading to a severe drop in throughput at the same time. On the other hand, Drop Tail or Random Drop strategies are very sensitive to sudden flows; that is, the gateway queue will often overflow when packets from these flows arrive. To avoid these two phenomena, gateways can use special algorithms to detect congestion and decide which connections will be notified of congestion at the gateway. The RED gateway randomly selects incoming packets to mark; with this method, the probability of marking a packet from a particular connection is proportional to the connections shared bandwidth at the gateway.
− Another goal is to control the average queue size even without cooperation from the source entities. This can be done by dropping packets when the average size exceeds an upper threshold (instead of marking it). This approach is necessary in cases where most connections have transmission times that are less than the round-trip time, or where the source entities are not able to reduce traffic in response to marking or dropping packets (such as UDP flows).
3.2.2 Algorithm
This section describes the algorithm for RED gateways. RED gateways calculate the average queue size using a low-pass filter. This average queue size is compared with two thresholds: minth and maxth. When the average queue size is less than the lower threshold, no incoming packets are marked or dropped; when the average queue size is greater than the upper threshold, all incoming packets are dropped. When the average queue size is between minth and maxth, each incoming packet is marked or dropped with a probability pa, where pa is a function of the average queue size avg; the probability of marking or dropping a packet for a particular connection is proportional to the bandwidth share of that connection at the gateway. The general algorithm for a RED gateway is described as follows: [5]
For each packet arrival
Caculate the average queue size avg If minth ≤ avg < maxth
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![Qos Assurance Methods for Multimedia Communications
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low. The EF PHB requires a sufficiently large number of output ports to provide low delay, low loss, and low jitter.
EF PHBs can be implemented if the output ports bandwidth is sufficiently large, combined with small buffer sizes and other network resources dedicated to EF packets, to allow the routers service rate for EF packets on an output port to exceed the arrival rate λ of packets at that port.
This means that packets with PHB EF are considered with a pre-allocated amount of output bandwidth and a priority that ensures minimum loss, minimum delay and minimum jitter before being put into operation.
PHB EF is suitable for channel simulation, leased line simulation, and real-time services such as voice, video without compromising on high loss, delay and jitter values.
Figure 2.10 Example of EF installation
Figure 2.10 shows an example of an EF PHB implementation. This is a simple priority queue scheduling technique. At the edges of the DS domain, EF packet traffic is prioritized according to the values agreed upon by the SLA. The EF queue in the figure needs to output packets at a rate higher than the packet arrival rate λ. To provide an EF PHB over an end-to-end DS domain, bandwidth at the output ports of the core routers needs to be allocated in advance to ensure the requirement μ > λ. This can be done by a pre-configured provisioning process. In the figure, EF packets are placed in the priority queue (the upper queue). With such a length, the queue can operate with μ > λ.
Since EF was primarily used for real-time services such as voice and video, and since real-time services use UDP instead of TCP, RED is generally
not suitable for EF queues because applications using UDP will not respond to random packet drop and RED will strip unnecessary packets.
2.2.4.2 Assured Forwarding (AF) PHB
PHB AF is defined by RFC 2597. The purpose of PHB AF is to deliver packets reliably and therefore delay and jitter are considered less important than packet loss. PHB AF is suitable for non-real-time services such as applications using TCP. PHB AF first defines four classes: AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4. For each of these AF classes, packets are then classified into three subclasses with three distinct priority levels.
Table 2.8 shows the four AF classes and 12 AF subclasses and the DSCP values for the 12 AF subclasses defined by RFC 2597. RFC 2597 also allows for more than three separate priority levels to be added for internal use. However, these separate priority levels will only have internal significance.
PHB Class
PHB Subclass
Package type
DSCP
AF4
AF41
Short
100010
AF42
Medium
100100
AF43
High
100110
AF3
AF31
Short
011010
AF32
Medium
011100
AF33
High
011110
AF2
AF21
Short
010010
AF22
Medium
010100
AF23
High
010110
AF1
AF11
Short
001010
AF12
Medium
001100
AF13
High
001110
Table 2.8 AF DSCPs
The AF PHB ensures that packets are forwarded with a high probability of delivery to the destination within the bounds of the rate agreed upon in an SLA. If AF traffic at an ingress port exceeds the pre-priority rate, which is considered non-compliant or “out of profile”, the excess packets will not be delivered to the destination with the same probability as the packets belonging to the defined traffic or “in profile” packets. When there is network congestion, the out of profile packets are dropped before the in profile packets are dropped.
When service levels are defined using AF classes, different quantity and quality between AF classes can be realized by allocating different amounts of bandwidth and buffer space to the four AF classes. Unlike
EF, most AF traffic is non-real-time traffic using TCP, and the RED queue management strategy is an AQM (Adaptive Queue Management) strategy suitable for use in AF PHBs. The four AF PHB layers can be implemented as four separate queues. The output port bandwidth is divided into four AF queues. For each AF queue, packets are marked with three “colors” corresponding to three separate priority levels.
In addition to the 32 DSCP 1 groups defined in Table 2.8, 21 DSCPs have been standardized as follows: one for PHB EF, 12 for PHB AF, and 8 for CSCP. There are 11 DSCP 1 groups still available for other standards.
2.2.5.Example of Differentiated Services
We will look at an example of the Differentiated Service model and mechanism of operation. The architecture of Differentiated Service consists of two basic sets of functions:
Edge functions: include packet classification and traffic conditioning. At the inbound edge of the network, incoming packets are marked. In particular, the DS field in the packet header is set to a certain value. For example, in Figure 2.12, packets sent from H1 to H3 are marked at R1, while packets from H2 to H4 are marked at R2. The labels on the received packets identify the service class to which they belong. Different traffic classes receive different services in the core network. The RFC definition uses the term behavior aggregate rather than the term traffic class. After being marked, a packet can be forwarded immediately into the network, delayed for a period of time before being forwarded, or dropped. We will see that there are many factors that affect how a packet is marked, and whether it is forwarded immediately, delayed, or dropped.
Figure 2.12 DiffServ Example
Core functionality: When a DS-marked packet arrives at a Diffservcapable router, the packet is forwarded to the next router based on
Per-hop behavior is associated with packet classes. Per-hop behavior affects router buffers and the bandwidth shared between competing classes. An important principle of the Differentiated Service architecture is that a routers per-hop behavior is based only on the packets marking or the class to which it belongs. Therefore, if packets sent from H1 to H3 as shown in the figure receive the same marking as packets from H2 to H4, then the network routers treat the packets exactly the same, regardless of whether the packet originated from H1 or H2. For example, R3 does not distinguish between packets from h1 and H2 when forwarding packets to R4. Therefore, the Differentiated Service architecture avoids the need to maintain router state about separate source-destination pairs, which is important for network scalability.
Chapter Conclusion
Chapter 2 has presented and clarified two main models of deploying and installing quality of service in IP networks. While the traditional best-effort model has many disadvantages, later models such as IntServ and DiffServ have partly solved the problems that best-effort could not solve. IntServ follows the direction of ensuring quality of service for each separate flow, it is built similar to the circuit switching model with the use of the RSVP resource reservation protocol. IntSer is suitable for services that require fixed bandwidth that is not shared such as VoIP services, multicast TV services. However, IntSer has disadvantages such as using a lot of network resources, low scalability and lack of flexibility. DiffServ was born with the idea of solving the disadvantages of the IntServ model.
DiffServ follows the direction of ensuring quality based on the principle of hop-by-hop behavior based on the priority of marked packets. The policy for different types of traffic is decided by the administrator and can be changed according to reality, so it is very flexible. DiffServ makes better use of network resources, avoiding idle bandwidth and processing capacity on routers. In addition, the DifServ model can be deployed on many independent domains, so the ability to expand the network becomes easy.
Chapter 3: METHODS TO ENSURE QoS FOR MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS
In packet-switched networks, different packet flows often have to share the transmission medium all the way to the destination station. To ensure the fair and efficient allocation of bandwidth to flows, appropriate serving mechanisms are required at network nodes, especially at gateways or routers, where many different data flows often pass through. The scheduler is responsible for serving packets of the selected flow and deciding which packet will be served next. Here, a flow is understood as a set of packets belonging to the same priority class, or originating from the same source, or having the same source and destination addresses, etc.
In normal state when there is no congestion, packets will be sent as soon as they are delivered. In case of congestion, if QoS assurance methods are not applied, prolonged congestion can cause packet drops, affecting service quality. In some cases, congestion is prolonged and widespread in the network, which can easily lead to the network being frozen, or many packets being dropped, seriously affecting service quality.
Therefore, in this chapter, in sections 3.2 and 3.3, we introduce some typical network traffic load monitoring techniques to predict and prevent congestion before it occurs through the measure of dropping (removing) packets early when there are signs of impending congestion.
3.1. DropTail method
DropTail is a simple, traditional queue management method based on FIFO mechanism. All incoming packets are placed in the queue, when the queue is full, the later packets are dropped.
Due to its simplicity and ease of implementation, DropTail has been used for many years on Internet router systems. However, this algorithm has the following disadvantages:
− Cannot avoid the phenomenon of “Lock out”: Occurs when 1 or several traffic streams monopolize the queue, making packets of other connections unable to pass through the router. This phenomenon greatly affects reliable transmission protocols such as TCP. According to the anti-congestion algorithm, when locked out, the TCP connection stream will reduce the window size and reduce the packet transmission speed exponentially.
− Can cause Global Synchronization: This is the result of a severe “Lock out” phenomenon. Some neighboring routers have their queues monopolized by a number of connections, causing a series of other TCP connections to be unable to pass through and simultaneously reducing the transmission speed. After those monopolized connections are temporarily suspended,
Once the queue is cleared, it takes a considerable amount of time for TCP connections to return to their original speed.
− Full Queue phenomenon: Data transmitted on the Internet often has an explosion, packets arriving at the router are often in clusters rather than in turn. Therefore, the operating mechanism of DropTail makes the queue easily full for a long period of time, leading to the average delay time of large packets. To avoid this phenomenon, with DropTail, the only way is to increase the routers buffer, this method is very expensive and ineffective.
− No QoS guarantee: With the DropTail mechanism, there is no way to prioritize important packets to be transmitted through the router earlier when all are in the queue. Meanwhile, with multimedia communication, ensuring connection and stable speed is extremely important and the DropTail algorithm cannot satisfy.
The problem of choosing the buffer size of the routers in the network is to “absorb” short bursts of traffic without causing too much queuing delay. This is necessary in bursty data transmission. The queue size determines the size of the packet bursts (traffic spikes) that we want to be able to transmit without being dropped at the routers.
In IP-based application networks, packet dropping is an important mechanism for indirectly reporting congestion to end stations. A solution that prevents router queues from filling up while reducing the packet drop rate is called dynamic queue management.
3.2. Random elimination method – RED
3.2.1 Overview
RED (Random Early Detection of congestion; Random Early Drop) is one of the first AQM algorithms proposed in 1993 by Sally Floyd and Van Jacobson, two scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory of the University of California, USA. Due to its outstanding advantages compared to previous queue management algorithms, RED has been widely installed and deployed on the Internet.
The most fundamental point of their work is that the most effective place to detect congestion and react to it is at the gateway or router.
Source entities (senders) can also do this by estimating end-to-end delay, throughput variability, or the rate of packet retransmissions due to drop. However, the sender and receiver view of a particular connection cannot tell which gateways on the network are congested, and cannot distinguish between propagation delay and queuing delay. Only the gateway has a true view of the state of the queue, the link share of the connections passing through it at any given time, and the quality of service requirements of the
traffic flows. The RED gateway monitors the average queue length, which detects early signs of impending congestion (average queue length exceeding a predetermined threshold) and reacts appropriately in one of two ways:
− Drop incoming packets with a certain probability, to indirectly inform the source of congestion, the source needs to reduce the transmission rate to keep the queue from filling up, maintaining the ability to absorb incoming traffic spikes.
− Mark “congestion” with a certain probability in the ECN field in the header of TCP packets to notify the source (the receiving entity will copy this bit into the acknowledgement packet).
Figure 3. 1 RED algorithm
The main goal of RED is to avoid congestion by keeping the average queue size within a sufficiently small and stable region, which also means keeping the queuing delay sufficiently small and stable. Achieving this goal also helps: avoid global synchronization, not resist bursty traffic flows (i.e. flows with low average throughput but high volatility), and maintain an upper bound on the average queue size even in the absence of cooperation from transport layer protocols.
To achieve the above goals, RED gateways must do the following:
− The first is to detect congestion early and react appropriately to keep the average queue size small enough to keep the network operating in the low latency, high throughput region, while still allowing the queue size to fluctuate within a certain range to absorb short-term fluctuations. As discussed above, the gateway is the most appropriate place to detect congestion and is also the most appropriate place to decide which specific connection to report congestion to.
− The second thing is to notify the source of congestion. This is done by marking and notifying the source to reduce traffic. Normally the RED gateway will randomly drop packets. However, if congestion
If congestion is detected before the queue is full, it should be combined with packet marking to signal congestion. The RED gateway has two options: drop or mark; where marking is done by marking the ECN field of the packet with a certain probability, to signal the source to reduce the traffic entering the network.
− An important goal that RED gateways need to achieve is to avoid global synchronization and not to resist traffic flows that have a sudden characteristic. Global synchronization occurs when all connections simultaneously reduce their transmission window size, leading to a severe drop in throughput at the same time. On the other hand, Drop Tail or Random Drop strategies are very sensitive to sudden flows; that is, the gateway queue will often overflow when packets from these flows arrive. To avoid these two phenomena, gateways can use special algorithms to detect congestion and decide which connections will be notified of congestion at the gateway. The RED gateway randomly selects incoming packets to mark; with this method, the probability of marking a packet from a particular connection is proportional to the connections shared bandwidth at the gateway.
− Another goal is to control the average queue size even without cooperation from the source entities. This can be done by dropping packets when the average size exceeds an upper threshold (instead of marking it). This approach is necessary in cases where most connections have transmission times that are less than the round-trip time, or where the source entities are not able to reduce traffic in response to marking or dropping packets (such as UDP flows).
3.2.2 Algorithm
This section describes the algorithm for RED gateways. RED gateways calculate the average queue size using a low-pass filter. This average queue size is compared with two thresholds: minth and maxth. When the average queue size is less than the lower threshold, no incoming packets are marked or dropped; when the average queue size is greater than the upper threshold, all incoming packets are dropped. When the average queue size is between minth and maxth, each incoming packet is marked or dropped with a probability pa, where pa is a function of the average queue size avg; the probability of marking or dropping a packet for a particular connection is proportional to the bandwidth share of that connection at the gateway. The general algorithm for a RED gateway is described as follows: [5]
For each packet arrival
Caculate the average queue size avg If minth ≤ avg < maxth
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Qos Assurance Methods for Multimedia Communications
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low. The EF PHB requires a sufficiently large number of output ports to provide low delay, low loss, and low jitter.
EF PHBs can be implemented if the output port's bandwidth is sufficiently large, combined with small buffer sizes and other network resources dedicated to EF packets, to allow the router's service rate for EF packets on an output port to exceed the arrival rate λ of packets at that port.
This means that packets with PHB EF are considered with a pre-allocated amount of output bandwidth and a priority that ensures minimum loss, minimum delay and minimum jitter before being put into operation.
PHB EF is suitable for channel simulation, leased line simulation, and real-time services such as voice, video without compromising on high loss, delay and jitter values.
Figure 2.10 Example of EF installation
Figure 2.10 shows an example of an EF PHB implementation. This is a simple priority queue scheduling technique. At the edges of the DS domain, EF packet traffic is prioritized according to the values agreed upon by the SLA. The EF queue in the figure needs to output packets at a rate higher than the packet arrival rate λ. To provide an EF PHB over an end-to-end DS domain, bandwidth at the output ports of the core routers needs to be allocated in advance to ensure the requirement μ > λ. This can be done by a pre-configured provisioning process. In the figure, EF packets are placed in the priority queue (the upper queue). With such a length, the queue can operate with μ > λ.
Since EF was primarily used for real-time services such as voice and video, and since real-time services use UDP instead of TCP, RED is generally
not suitable for EF queues because applications using UDP will not respond to random packet drop and RED will strip unnecessary packets.
2.2.4.2 Assured Forwarding (AF) PHB
PHB AF is defined by RFC 2597. The purpose of PHB AF is to deliver packets reliably and therefore delay and jitter are considered less important than packet loss. PHB AF is suitable for non-real-time services such as applications using TCP. PHB AF first defines four classes: AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4. For each of these AF classes, packets are then classified into three subclasses with three distinct priority levels.
Table 2.8 shows the four AF classes and 12 AF subclasses and the DSCP values for the 12 AF subclasses defined by RFC 2597. RFC 2597 also allows for more than three separate priority levels to be added for internal use. However, these separate priority levels will only have internal significance.
PHB Class
PHB Subclass
Package type
DSCP
AF4
AF41
Short
100010
AF42
Medium
100100
AF43
High
100110
AF3
AF31
Short
011010
AF32
Medium
011100
AF33
High
011110
AF2
AF21
Short
010010
AF22
Medium
010100
AF23
High
010110
AF1
AF11
Short
001010
AF12
Medium
001100
AF13
High
001110
Table 2.8 AF DSCPs
The AF PHB ensures that packets are forwarded with a high probability of delivery to the destination within the bounds of the rate agreed upon in an SLA. If AF traffic at an ingress port exceeds the pre-priority rate, which is considered non-compliant or “out of profile”, the excess packets will not be delivered to the destination with the same probability as the packets belonging to the defined traffic or “in profile” packets. When there is network congestion, the out of profile packets are dropped before the in profile packets are dropped.
When service levels are defined using AF classes, different quantity and quality between AF classes can be realized by allocating different amounts of bandwidth and buffer space to the four AF classes. Unlike
EF, most AF traffic is non-real-time traffic using TCP, and the RED queue management strategy is an AQM (Adaptive Queue Management) strategy suitable for use in AF PHBs. The four AF PHB layers can be implemented as four separate queues. The output port bandwidth is divided into four AF queues. For each AF queue, packets are marked with three “colors” corresponding to three separate priority levels.
In addition to the 32 DSCP 1 groups defined in Table 2.8, 21 DSCPs have been standardized as follows: one for PHB EF, 12 for PHB AF, and 8 for CSCP. There are 11 DSCP 1 groups still available for other standards.
2.2.5.Example of Differentiated Services
We will look at an example of the Differentiated Service model and mechanism of operation. The architecture of Differentiated Service consists of two basic sets of functions:
Edge functions: include packet classification and traffic conditioning. At the inbound edge of the network, incoming packets are marked. In particular, the DS field in the packet header is set to a certain value. For example, in Figure 2.12, packets sent from H1 to H3 are marked at R1, while packets from H2 to H4 are marked at R2. The labels on the received packets identify the service class to which they belong. Different traffic classes receive different services in the core network. The RFC definition uses the term behavior aggregate rather than the term traffic class. After being marked, a packet can be forwarded immediately into the network, delayed for a period of time before being forwarded, or dropped. We will see that there are many factors that affect how a packet is marked, and whether it is forwarded immediately, delayed, or dropped.
Figure 2.12 DiffServ Example
Core functionality: When a DS-marked packet arrives at a Diffservcapable router, the packet is forwarded to the next router based on
Per-hop behavior is associated with packet classes. Per-hop behavior affects router buffers and the bandwidth shared between competing classes. An important principle of the Differentiated Service architecture is that a router's per-hop behavior is based only on the packet's marking or the class to which it belongs. Therefore, if packets sent from H1 to H3 as shown in the figure receive the same marking as packets from H2 to H4, then the network routers treat the packets exactly the same, regardless of whether the packet originated from H1 or H2. For example, R3 does not distinguish between packets from h1 and H2 when forwarding packets to R4. Therefore, the Differentiated Service architecture avoids the need to maintain router state about separate source-destination pairs, which is important for network scalability.
Chapter Conclusion
Chapter 2 has presented and clarified two main models of deploying and installing quality of service in IP networks. While the traditional best-effort model has many disadvantages, later models such as IntServ and DiffServ have partly solved the problems that best-effort could not solve. IntServ follows the direction of ensuring quality of service for each separate flow, it is built similar to the circuit switching model with the use of the RSVP resource reservation protocol. IntSer is suitable for services that require fixed bandwidth that is not shared such as VoIP services, multicast TV services. However, IntSer has disadvantages such as using a lot of network resources, low scalability and lack of flexibility. DiffServ was born with the idea of solving the disadvantages of the IntServ model.
DiffServ follows the direction of ensuring quality based on the principle of hop-by-hop behavior based on the priority of marked packets. The policy for different types of traffic is decided by the administrator and can be changed according to reality, so it is very flexible. DiffServ makes better use of network resources, avoiding idle bandwidth and processing capacity on routers. In addition, the DifServ model can be deployed on many independent domains, so the ability to expand the network becomes easy.
Chapter 3: METHODS TO ENSURE QoS FOR MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS
In packet-switched networks, different packet flows often have to share the transmission medium all the way to the destination station. To ensure the fair and efficient allocation of bandwidth to flows, appropriate serving mechanisms are required at network nodes, especially at gateways or routers, where many different data flows often pass through. The scheduler is responsible for serving packets of the selected flow and deciding which packet will be served next. Here, a flow is understood as a set of packets belonging to the same priority class, or originating from the same source, or having the same source and destination addresses, etc.
In normal state when there is no congestion, packets will be sent as soon as they are delivered. In case of congestion, if QoS assurance methods are not applied, prolonged congestion can cause packet drops, affecting service quality. In some cases, congestion is prolonged and widespread in the network, which can easily lead to the network being "frozen", or many packets being dropped, seriously affecting service quality.
Therefore, in this chapter, in sections 3.2 and 3.3, we introduce some typical network traffic load monitoring techniques to predict and prevent congestion before it occurs through the measure of dropping (removing) packets early when there are signs of impending congestion.
3.1. DropTail method
DropTail is a simple, traditional queue management method based on FIFO mechanism. All incoming packets are placed in the queue, when the queue is full, the later packets are dropped.
Due to its simplicity and ease of implementation, DropTail has been used for many years on Internet router systems. However, this algorithm has the following disadvantages:
− Cannot avoid the phenomenon of “Lock out”: Occurs when 1 or several traffic streams monopolize the queue, making packets of other connections unable to pass through the router. This phenomenon greatly affects reliable transmission protocols such as TCP. According to the anti-congestion algorithm, when locked out, the TCP connection stream will reduce the window size and reduce the packet transmission speed exponentially.
− Can cause Global Synchronization: This is the result of a severe “Lock out” phenomenon. Some neighboring routers have their queues monopolized by a number of connections, causing a series of other TCP connections to be unable to pass through and simultaneously reducing the transmission speed. After those monopolized connections are temporarily suspended,
Once the queue is cleared, it takes a considerable amount of time for TCP connections to return to their original speed.
− Full Queue phenomenon: Data transmitted on the Internet often has an explosion, packets arriving at the router are often in clusters rather than in turn. Therefore, the operating mechanism of DropTail makes the queue easily full for a long period of time, leading to the average delay time of large packets. To avoid this phenomenon, with DropTail, the only way is to increase the router's buffer, this method is very expensive and ineffective.
− No QoS guarantee: With the DropTail mechanism, there is no way to prioritize important packets to be transmitted through the router earlier when all are in the queue. Meanwhile, with multimedia communication, ensuring connection and stable speed is extremely important and the DropTail algorithm cannot satisfy.
The problem of choosing the buffer size of the routers in the network is to “absorb” short bursts of traffic without causing too much queuing delay. This is necessary in bursty data transmission. The queue size determines the size of the packet bursts (traffic spikes) that we want to be able to transmit without being dropped at the routers.
In IP-based application networks, packet dropping is an important mechanism for indirectly reporting congestion to end stations. A solution that prevents router queues from filling up while reducing the packet drop rate is called dynamic queue management.
3.2. Random elimination method – RED
3.2.1 Overview
RED (Random Early Detection of congestion; Random Early Drop) is one of the first AQM algorithms proposed in 1993 by Sally Floyd and Van Jacobson, two scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory of the University of California, USA. Due to its outstanding advantages compared to previous queue management algorithms, RED has been widely installed and deployed on the Internet.
The most fundamental point of their work is that the most effective place to detect congestion and react to it is at the gateway or router.
Source entities (senders) can also do this by estimating end-to-end delay, throughput variability, or the rate of packet retransmissions due to drop. However, the sender and receiver view of a particular connection cannot tell which gateways on the network are congested, and cannot distinguish between propagation delay and queuing delay. Only the gateway has a true view of the state of the queue, the link share of the connections passing through it at any given time, and the quality of service requirements of the
traffic flows. The RED gateway monitors the average queue length, which detects early signs of impending congestion (average queue length exceeding a predetermined threshold) and reacts appropriately in one of two ways:
− Drop incoming packets with a certain probability, to indirectly inform the source of congestion, the source needs to reduce the transmission rate to keep the queue from filling up, maintaining the ability to absorb incoming traffic spikes.
− Mark “congestion” with a certain probability in the ECN field in the header of TCP packets to notify the source (the receiving entity will copy this bit into the acknowledgement packet).
Figure 3. 1 RED algorithm
The main goal of RED is to avoid congestion by keeping the average queue size within a sufficiently small and stable region, which also means keeping the queuing delay sufficiently small and stable. Achieving this goal also helps: avoid global synchronization, not resist bursty traffic flows (i.e. flows with low average throughput but high volatility), and maintain an upper bound on the average queue size even in the absence of cooperation from transport layer protocols.
To achieve the above goals, RED gateways must do the following:
− The first is to detect congestion early and react appropriately to keep the average queue size small enough to keep the network operating in the low latency, high throughput region, while still allowing the queue size to fluctuate within a certain range to absorb short-term fluctuations. As discussed above, the gateway is the most appropriate place to detect congestion and is also the most appropriate place to decide which specific connection to report congestion to.
− The second thing is to notify the source of congestion. This is done by marking and notifying the source to reduce traffic. Normally the RED gateway will randomly drop packets. However, if congestion
If congestion is detected before the queue is full, it should be combined with packet marking to signal congestion. The RED gateway has two options: drop or mark; where marking is done by marking the ECN field of the packet with a certain probability, to signal the source to reduce the traffic entering the network.
− An important goal that RED gateways need to achieve is to avoid global synchronization and not to resist traffic flows that have a sudden characteristic. Global synchronization occurs when all connections simultaneously reduce their transmission window size, leading to a severe drop in throughput at the same time. On the other hand, Drop Tail or Random Drop strategies are very sensitive to sudden flows; that is, the gateway queue will often overflow when packets from these flows arrive. To avoid these two phenomena, gateways can use special algorithms to detect congestion and decide which connections will be notified of congestion at the gateway. The RED gateway randomly selects incoming packets to mark; with this method, the probability of marking a packet from a particular connection is proportional to the connection's shared bandwidth at the gateway.
− Another goal is to control the average queue size even without cooperation from the source entities. This can be done by dropping packets when the average size exceeds an upper threshold (instead of marking it). This approach is necessary in cases where most connections have transmission times that are less than the round-trip time, or where the source entities are not able to reduce traffic in response to marking or dropping packets (such as UDP flows).
3.2.2 Algorithm
This section describes the algorithm for RED gateways. RED gateways calculate the average queue size using a low-pass filter. This average queue size is compared with two thresholds: minth and maxth. When the average queue size is less than the lower threshold, no incoming packets are marked or dropped; when the average queue size is greater than the upper threshold, all incoming packets are dropped. When the average queue size is between minth and maxth, each incoming packet is marked or dropped with a probability pa, where pa is a function of the average queue size avg; the probability of marking or dropping a packet for a particular connection is proportional to the bandwidth share of that connection at the gateway. The general algorithm for a RED gateway is described as follows: [5]
For each packet arrival
Caculate the average queue size avg If minth ≤ avg < maxth
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Corresponding Techniques for Task Type T 1 Μ , T 1 P , T 1 2 -
Learn about synchronization techniques in OFDM and OFDMA systems - 2 -
Cake Making Techniques From Fermented Dough -
Evidence Collection Techniques and Computer-Aided Auditing Techniques in Auditing Commercial Bank Financial Statements
Note: *1: There is no dedicated lesson plan but spend 5-10 minutes in each lesson plan to teach the content
*2: There is no dedicated lesson plan but 15-20 minutes are spent in each lesson plan to teach the content.
7. Form of testing and evaluation
Practical test of the following contents: Basic techniques, boxing, sparring and physical strength.
In there:
- Basic techniques: 40 points
- 30 points of boxing
- 30 points practice
- Physical: Conditional points, calculated as passing and failing. Evaluation: 90-100 points: excellent
80-89 points: good
70 - 79 points: Good
50 – 69 points: Average Below 50 points: Failed
8. Detailed content
8.1. Theory (spend 5-10 minutes in each session to equip yourself with theoretical knowledge)
1. Overview of the kata in Karate-do
2. The meaning of practicing boxing in Karate-do
3. Moral education in Karate-do
8.2 Practice (40 periods)
8.2.1. Basic techniques (14 periods) Attack techniques (2 periods)
Starting stance: Tsuruashi –Daichi
Stance moves: Zenkutsu dachi, Kiba dachi and Kokutsu dachi; Zenkutsu dachi rotations (90 0 , 180 0 , 270 0 rotations ).
Hand technique (8 sessions)
- Jodan Tate Uke
- Kentsui,
- Osae Uke
- Nukite Tate Uchi
- Morote Uke
- Jodan Shuto Age Uke.
Foot technique (4 sessions)
- Maewashi Geri
- Yoko geri kekomi
- Yoko geri Keage
8.2.2. Boxing (6 sessions)
Heian Nidan
8.2.3. Practice (4 sessions)
Gohon kumite.
- Lesson 1. Jodan (Migi and Hidari)
- Lesson 2. Chudan (Migi and Hidari)
8.2.4. Review (14 periods)
- Review attack techniques, how to move the attacks, combine attack techniques with hand techniques
- Review Taikyoku Sandan, Heian Shodan and Heian Nidan forms
- He practiced Gohon Kumite (Migi and Hidari) sparring techniques.
8.2.5. Physical fitness (Each training plan spends 15-20 minutes on physical fitness)
Comprehensive development of physical qualities: Speed, strength, endurance, motor coordination and flexibility. Prioritize general physical development.
8.2.6. Belt upgrade exam (2 periods)
Test according to the prescribed content
8.3. Self-study (14 sessions)
Self-study the contents of the curriculum by section.
- Attack technique (2 sessions)
- Hand technique (2 sessions)
- Foot technique (4 sessions)
- Boxing (2 periods)
- Practice (2 sessions)
- Review (2 periods)
8.4. Mobile lesson plan (6 periods)
Weather contingency and review of missed content.
9. Exam content to upgrade from Yellow belt Kyu 8 to Green belt Kyu 7
9.1. Basic techniques (40 points)
Take 5 steps
1. Advance Zenkutsu dachi, Maegeri -Zenzuki; Turn back, advance Zenkutsu dachi, Maegeri - Zenzuki
2. Advance Zenkutsu dachi, Gedan barai – Gyaku zuki; Back behind Zenkutsu dachi, Age uke – Gyaku zuki.
3. Advance Zenkutsu dachi, Shoto uke – Gyaku zuki; Back behind Zenkutsu dachi, Uchi uke – Gyaku zuki.
4. Tien Zenkutsu dachi, Yoko geri Keage; Turn back and advance to Zenkutsu dachi, Yoko geri
Keage.
Inside.
Kyu 0.
5. Forward Kokutsu dachi, Morote Uke, back Kokutsu dachi, Morote Uke
6. Advance Kiba dachi, turn Tetsui uchi, turn back, Advance Kiba dachi, Yoko geri Keage
9.2. Boxing (30 points) Taikyoku Shandan (10 points) Heian Shodan (10 points) Heian Nidan (10 points)
9.3. Practice (30 points)
Gohon kumite, perform 5 steps changing the performer.
- Lesson 1. Jodan (Hiradi)
- Lesson 1. Jordan (Migi)
- Lesson 2. Chudan (Hiradi)
- Lesson 2. Chudan (Migi)
9.4. Physical fitness (Pass or fail)
- Punch 2 targets 2m away in 30s (times)
- Average punch speed 10s (times)
10. Teaching materials
- Tran Tuan Hieu, Nguyen Duong Bac (2001), Karate-do Textbook, Sports Publishing House, Hanoi
- Ho Hoang Khanh (1990), Modern Karate-do, volumes 1&2 , Song Be Publishing House.
- Hanoi Karate-do Association, Kumite program for examina tions From Kyu 10 to
PROGRAM IV.
KARATE-DO EXTRACURRICULAR TRAINING PROGRAM FROM LIGHT BLUE BELT KYU 7 TO GREEN BELT KYU 6
1. Subject position
The Karate-do extracurricular training program from Light Blue belt Kyu 7 to Green belt Kyu 6 is the 4th smallest program out of 10 extracurricular Karate-do training programs for secondary school students in Hanoi city.
The program is for students who have achieved the Kyu 7 Light Blue Belt in extracurricular Karate-do training at secondary schools or grassroots Karate-do clubs at secondary schools in Hanoi.
2. Course objectives
2.1. General objectives
The extracurricular training program for Karate-do from Kyu 7 Light Blue Belt to Kyu 6 Green Belt provides students with an environment and educational activities to develop general and specialized movement skills and techniques of Karate-do corresponding to the Kyu 7 Light Blue Belt level, while developing personality, ethics, training perseverance, self-study, modesty, the ability to endure hardship, and physical development to ensure the professional requirements of Karate-do, the requirements of extracurricular sports activities, and social needs.
2.2. Specific objectives
After completing the Karate-do extracurricular training program from Light Blue belt Kyu 7 to Green belt Kyu 6, students will be able to:
1. Understand the importance of physical training in general and Karate-do training in particular for health. Have basic knowledge about the importance of physical training and have the awareness to practice for life. Understand the meaning of practicing sparring techniques and the rules of sparring training in Karate-do.
2. Master and be able to practice professional Karate-do skills corresponding to the level of Light Blue belt Kyu 7. Specifically including:
- Basic techniques: Hand techniques: Yoko mawashi kentsui, Maka Zukigeri, Fumikomi, Empi Uke, Uraken Uchi, Jodan Mawashi Zuki, Ushiro Empi. Review and master the basic stances and techniques learned.
- About boxing technique: Heian Sandan
- About sparring techniques: Sanbon Kumite (lesson 1 and lesson 2)
3. Physical development: Including morphology, body functions, motor qualities (speed, strength, endurance, motor coordination and flexibility).
4. Developing personality, morality, and will: Developing personality, morality, training perseverance, self-discipline, modesty, and the ability to endure hardship and suffering.
5. For gifted students, they are discovered, selected and trained in higher expertise.
6. Meet the needs of the learner and his family when practicing Karate-do extracurricular activities
3. Time
Total 60 lessons, equivalent to 30 lesson plans. Practice 3 sessions per week (including 2 in-class sessions and 1 self-study session). Practice for 3 months.
4. Prerequisites
Love to practice sports in general and Karate-do in particular.
Completed Kyu 8 Yellow Belt program and passed the exam for Kyu 7 Light Blue Belt.
5. Summary
The program provides basic knowledge about Karate-do such as characteristics of formation, development, rules of Karate-do training, basic requirements when training, hygiene and nutrition when participating in training, moral education, willpower and practical skills including hand techniques, foot techniques, boxing and sparring.
6. Program distribution
TT
Content | Distribution (section) | Total (section) | ||||
Theory | Practice | Self-study | Mobility | |||
1 | - Overview of sparring and competition (Kumite) in Karate-do - The meaning of sparring practice in Karate-do - Moral education in Karate-do | *1 | *1 | |||
2 | Hand technique | 10 | 4 | 2 | 16 | |
3 | Legal rights | 6 | 2 | 1 | 9 | |
4 | Practice | 6 | 2 | 1 | 9 | |
5 | Physical | *2 | *2 | *2 | 0 | |
6 | Review | 16 | 6 | 2 | 24 | |
7 | Belt upgrade test | 2 | 2 | |||
Total: | 0 | 40 | 14 | 6 | 60 | |
Note: *1: There is no dedicated lesson plan but spend 5-10 minutes in each lesson plan to teach the content
*2: There is no dedicated lesson plan but 15-20 minutes are spent in each lesson plan to teach the content.
7. Form of testing and evaluation
Practical test of the following contents: Basic techniques, boxing, sparring and physical strength.
In there:
- Basic techniques: 40 points
- 30 points of boxing
- 30 points practice
- Physical: Conditional points, calculated as passing and failing. Evaluation: 90-100 points: excellent
80-89 points: good
70 - 79 points: Good
50 – 69 points: Average Below 50 points: Failed
8. Detailed content
8.1. Theory (spend 5-10 minutes in each session to equip yourself with theoretical knowledge)
1. Overview of sparring and competition (Kumite) in Karate-do
2. The meaning of sparring practice in Karate-do
3. Moral education in Karate-do
8.2 Practice (40 periods)
8.2.1. Basic techniques (10 sessions) Hand techniques (6 sessions)
- Yoko mawashi kentsui,
- Empi Uke, Uraken Uchi
- Jodan Mawashi Zuki
- Ushiro Empi.
Foot technique (4 sessions)
- Maka Zukigeri
- Fumikomi
- Mawashi Geri
8.2.2. Boxing (6 sessions)
Heian Sandan
8.2.3. Practice (6 sessions)
Sanbon kumite.
- Lesson 1. Jodan, chudan, Maegeri (Hidari)
Age uke, Shoto uke, Gedan barai - Gyakuzuki
- Lesson 2. Jodan, chudan, Maegeri (Hidari)
Age uke, Uchi uke, Gedan barai - Kizami + Gyakuzuki
8.2.4. Review (16 periods)
- Review attack techniques, how to move the attacks, combine attack techniques with hand techniques, combine hand, foot and attack techniques
- Review of Heian Shodan, Heian Nidan and Heian Sandan forms
- He practices Sanbon Kumite sparring technique (lesson 1 and lesson 2)
8.2.5. Physical fitness (Each training plan spends 15-20 minutes on physical fitness)
Comprehensive development of physical qualities: Speed, strength, endurance, motor coordination and flexibility. Prioritize general physical development.
8.2.6. Belt upgrade exam (2 periods)
Test according to the prescribed content
8.3. Self-study (14 sessions)
Self-study the contents of the curriculum by section.
- Hand technique (2 sessions)
- Foot technique (2 sessions)
- Boxing (2 periods)
- Practice (2 sessions)
- Review (6 periods)
8.4. Mobile lesson plan (6 periods)
Weather contingency and review of missed content.
9. Exam content to upgrade from Light Blue belt Kyu 7 to Green belt Kyu 6
9.1. Basic techniques (40 points)
Take 5 steps
1. Advance Zenkutsu dachi, Maegeri -Zenzuki; Turn back, advance Zenkutsu dachi, Maegeri - Zenzuki
2. Advance Zenkutsu dachi, Gedan barai – Gyaku zuki; Back behind Zenkutsu dachi, Age uke – Gyaku zuki.
3. Advance Zenkutsu dachi, Shoto uke – Gyaku zuki; Back behind Zenkutsu dachi, Uchi uke – Gyaku zuki.
4. Tien Zenkutsu dachi, Yoko geri Keage; Turn back and advance to Zenkutsu dachi, Yoko geri
Keage.
5. Forward Kokutsuda chi – Shuto uke moves Zenkutsu dachi – Gyaku zuki, back turn,
advance Kokutsuda chi – Shuto uke transfer Zenkutsu dachi – Gyaku zuki
6. Advance Kiba dachi – turn Tetsui uchi, turn back, advance Kiba dachi – turn Tetsui uchi
7. Tien Zenkutsu dachi, Chudan Mawashi geri; Turn back and advance to Zenkutsu dachi, Jodan Mawashi geri
9.2. Boxing (30 points) Heian Shodan (10 points) Heian Nidan (10 points) Heian Sandan (10 points)
9.3. Practice (30 points)
Sanbon kumite.
- Lesson 1. Jodan, chudan, Maegeri (Hidari)
Age uke, Shoto uke, Gedan barai - Gyakuzuki
- Lesson 2. Jodan, chudan, Maegeri (Hidari)
Age uke, Uchi uke, Gedan barai - Kizami + Gyakuzuki
9.4. Physical fitness (Pass or fail)
- Punch 3 fan-shaped targets 1m from the center in 15s (times)
- Stand up, sit down and kick Maegeri 30s (times)
10. Teaching materials
- Tran Tuan Hieu, Nguyen Duong Bac (2001), Karate-do Textbook, Sports Publishing House, Hanoi
Inside.
Kyu 0.
- Ho Hoang Khanh (1990), Modern Karate-do, volumes 1&2 , Song Be Publishing House.
- Hanoi Karate-do Association, Kumite program for examina tions From Kyu 10 to
PROGRAM V.
KARATE-DO EXTRACURRICULAR TRAINING PROGRAM FROM GREEN BELT KYU 6 TO DARK GREEN BELT KYU 5
1. Subject position
The Karate-do extracurricular training program from Green belt Kyu 6 to Dark Blue belt Kyu 5 is the 5th small program in 10 extracurricular training programs for Karate-do for secondary school students in Hanoi city.
The program is for students who have achieved the Green belt level Kyu 6 in extracurricular Karate-do training at secondary schools or grassroots Karate-do clubs at secondary schools in Hanoi.
2. Course objectives
2.1. General objectives
The extracurricular training program for Karate-do from Kyu 6 Green Belt to Kyu 5 Dark Green Belt provides students with an environment and educational activities to develop general and specialized skills and techniques in Karate-do corresponding to the Kyu 6 Green Belt level, while developing personality, ethics, training perseverance, self-study, modesty, the ability to endure hardship, and physical development to ensure the professional requirements of Karate-do, the requirements of extracurricular sports activities, and social needs.
2.2. Specific objectives
After completing the Karate-do extracurricular training program from Green belt Kyu 6 to Dark Green belt Kyu 5, students will be able to:
1. Understand the importance of physical training in general and Karate-do training in particular for health. Have basic knowledge about the importance of physical training and have self-awareness.
lifelong training. Understand the significance of training competition techniques and the regulations in training competition in Karate-doC
2. Master and be able to practice professional Karate-do skills corresponding to the Green belt level Kyu 6. Specifically including:
- Basic techniques: Stance technique: Kosa dachi; Basic hand techniques: block at the same time Jodan Tate Shuto + Jodan Kamae, Gedan Juji Uke, Jodan Mawashi Uraken, Jodan Haiwwan morote uke, Yoko Mawashi Empi, Kakiwake Uke, Hizagashira Uchi. Review and master the basic stances and techniques learned.
- About boxing technique: Heian Yondan
- Regarding sparring techniques: Sanbon Kumite. Lesson 1 (Migi + Hidari), lesson 2 (Migi + Hidari) and lesson 3 (Hidari).
- Competition techniques: Movement techniques, Front hand attack and defense, Back hand attack and defense, Foot attack and defense.
3. Physical development: Including morphology, body functions, motor qualities (speed, strength, endurance, motor coordination and flexibility).
4. Developing personality, morality, and will: Developing personality, morality, training perseverance, self-discipline, modesty, and the ability to endure hardship and suffering.
5. For gifted students, they are discovered, selected and trained in higher expertise.
6. Meet the needs of the learner and his family when practicing Karate-do extracurricular activities
3. Time
Total 60 lessons, equivalent to 30 lesson plans. Practice 3 sessions per week (including 2 in-class sessions and 1 self-study session). Practice for 3 months.
4. Prerequisites
Love to practice sports in general and Karate-do in particular.
Complete the Kyu 7 Light Blue Belt program and pass the exam for the Kyu 6 Green Belt.
5. Summary
The program provides basic knowledge about Karate-do such as characteristics of formation, development, rules of Karate-do training, basic requirements when training, hygiene and nutrition when participating in training, moral education, willpower and practical skills including hand techniques, foot techniques, boxing and sparring.
6. Program distribution
TT
Content | Distribution (section) | Total (section) | ||||
Theory | Practice | Self-study | Mobility | |||
1 | - Overview of Kumite competition in Karate-do. - The meaning of Kumite training in Karate-do - Moral education in Karate-do | *1 | *1 | |||
2 | Basic techniques | 8 | 5 | 3 | 16 | |
3 | Legal rights | 6 | 2 | 1 | 9 | |
4 | Practice and compete | 16 | 4 | 1 | 21 | |
5 | Physical | *2 | *2 | *2 | 0 | |
6 | Review | 10 | 4 | 14 | ||
7 | Belt upgrade test | 2 | 2 | |||
Total: | 0 | 40 | 15 | 5 | 60 | |
Note: *1: There is no dedicated lesson plan but spend 5-10 minutes in each lesson plan to teach the content