Assessment of the current state of the surface water environment of the Thuong River flowing through Bac Giang city, Bac Giang province - Hoang Thi Kim Anh Master's thesis in Agricultural Sciences 2014, Vietnam Academy of Agriculture. The topic has applied the method of assessing the current state of the surface water environment of the Thuong River flowing through Bac Giang city through the water quality index (WQI). The WQI index is calculated from water quality monitoring parameters, used to quantitatively describe the water quality and usability of water resources and is expressed through specific scales. The topic has assessed the water quality of the Thuong River in the rainy and dry seasons. However, the limitation of the topic is that it has not assessed the current state of the water environment of the Thuong River over the years and has not mentioned the water flow and flow of the river.
Monitoring the water quality of the Thuong River and determining the source of pollution in the section flowing through Bac Giang city - Nguyen Thi Bich Phuong, Master's thesis in Environmental Science, University of Agriculture and Forestry - Thai Nguyen University 2015. The topic has pointed out the sources of pollution of the Thuong River in Bac Giang city, however, the topic has not yet assessed the quality of the Thuong River before and after passing through Bac Giang city to have a basis for comparison and determining the impact of pollution sources. Besides, the topic has not mentioned the changes in the flow and water volume of the Thuong River.
Assessment of water quality of Thuong River flowing through Bac Giang city in the first 6 months of 2015 - Nguyen Thi Thanh Loan, Graduation Project 2015, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment. The topic has focused on water quality of Thuong River within the limits of Bac Giang city and has assessed the water quality changes over the years. However, the limitation of the topic is that it has not mentioned the flow changes of Thuong River and has not assessed the water quality of Thuong River before and after passing through Bac Giang city.
Chapter 3. OBJECTIVES, OBJECTS, SCOPE, CONTENT AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
3.1. Research objectives
3.1.1 General objectives
To serve as a basis for comprehensive water resources management, ensuring sustainability for the purposes of using Thuong River water resources in particular and water resources in general in the province.
3.1.2. Specific objectives
- Assess the current status of water resources of Thuong River in Bac Giang province.
- Propose solutions to protect water resources of Thuong River in Bac Giang province.
3.2. Research objects and scope
3.2.1. Research subjects
- Water sources directly impact the Thuong River basin.
- Surface water quality of Thuong River.
- Water flow of Thuong River.
3.2.2. Scope of research
- Scope of content: Current status of Thuong River water resources including: flow and quality.
- Spatial scope: Thuong River in Bac Giang province.
- Time range: June 2016 to June 2017.
3.3. Research content
- Assess the current status of water sources directly affecting the Thuong River flowing through Bac Giang province.
- Determine the flow and water quality characteristics of Thuong River in the study area.
- Research on the current status of water resources management of Thuong River in Bac Giang province.
- Proposing solutions to protect water resources of Thuong River in Bac Giang province.
3.4. Research methods
To complete the research content, the topic has applied specific methods for each research content as follows:
3.4.1. Assess the current status of water sources directly affecting the Thuong River flowing through Bac Giang province.
* This content criterion needs to achieve the following results:
Assessment of the current status of water sources directly affecting the Thuong River includes:
+ Classify water sources that directly impact the Thuong River, time and method of impact.
+ Total amount of water directly affecting the Thuong River.
* Implementation method:
a. Survey, classify, and investigate the time and method of impact of water sources directly affecting the Thuong River; Determine the flow of these water sources.
Methods of investigation and collection of field data include:
Through the results of the investigation and data collection, the project has identified three main groups of subjects as water sources affecting the Thuong River, including:
- Production facilities discharging wastewater into Thuong River: 18 facilities, of which 06 facilities discharge directly into Thuong River.
- Pumping stations draining water into Thuong River: 22 pumping stations, including 05 pumping stations for draining domestic and production wastewater, 17 pumping stations for draining agricultural water only operating during the rainy season.
- Confluence points into the Thuong River: 05 rivers and streams.
- The flow of water sources affecting the Thuong River is determined by the following methods:
+ For production facilities: Calculate based on survey data of discharge facilities through input data of wastewater treatment systems before discharging into wastewater receiving sources and check actual wastewater discharge into water sources;
+ For wastewater pumping stations: calculate by multiplying the total capacity of the operating pumps by the operating time of the pumping station during the day.
+ For water sources that are rivers and streams flowing into the Thuong River, determine the flow according to the Regulation on investigating shallow flows in river areas not affected by tides 94 TCN 24-2002 issued by the General Department of Hydrometeorology.
b. Assess the quality of water sources affecting the Thuong River.
With 03 subjects being the main water sources affecting the Thuong River, the project has developed a plan to take samples to assess water quality specifically as follows:
Field Sampling Methods and Sample Analysis Methods.
- Field sampling method:
Take and preserve water samples according to current Vietnamese standards, including:
* TCVN 5996-1995: Guidelines for sampling in rivers and streams.
* TCVN 5999-1995: Instructions for wastewater sampling:
* TCVN 5993-1995: Instructions for sample preservation and handling.
* Sampling method:
Take river water samples using composite sampling method: Take 3 samples at 3 different locations (midstream, left bank, right bank) with equal volume and mix.
Wastewater sampling uses the single sampling method: a single sample is taken randomly from a body of water..
- Sample container: 0.5 liter PE bottle.
* Sampling equipment:
Sampling river water: Use a bucket to take samples at a depth of 50cm. The bucket is sealed and submerged in water; at the set depth the plug is opened and water is poured in until full.
Wastewater sampling: Manual. Dip the bottle into the water and pull it up after filling.
- Take samples to analyze the remaining parameters:
Rinse the bottle with the sample to be analyzed. Fill 2 0.5 liter PE bottles with the sample. Avoid vigorous aspiration of the sample into the bottle. Close the cap tightly. Keep refrigerated.
- The sample source and sampling conditions are recorded on the bottle immediately after filling. The bottle label and sampling report are completed at the time of sampling.
* The sampling report contains the following information:
+ Sampling location (name), with coordinates and all information about the location;
+ Details of sampling points;
+ Sample date;
+ Sampling method
+ Sampling time;
+ Sampler;
+ Weather conditions;
+ Preservatives or stabilizers added to the sample;
+ Data collected in the field.
- Samples are kept refrigerated immediately after collection and sent to the laboratory within 24 hours.
* Sampling location:
To assess the quality of water sources that directly impact the Thuong River, the project relied on the current status of wastewater discharge directly into the river water source and the locations receiving water sources into the Thuong River to determine the locations for monitoring the quality of water sources that directly impact, ensuring the impact of typical water sources on the Thuong River is demonstrated.
During the investigation and survey process along the Thuong River to conduct flow monitoring and collect water samples for analysis, serving the assessment of water quality, the project has collected 13 surface water samples (NM) and 13 impact water samples (M), (Figure 3.1-3.4), in which the following specific identifications were made:
- Sample collection date: May 14, 2017;
- Weather: sunny, temperature: 28 o C – 32 o C;
- Sampling location:
Table 3.1. Specific description of the coordinates of the sampling points of Thuong River's surface water and water sources affecting Thuong River:
ST T
Symbol sample | Coordinates | Location Description | Address | Sample type | ||
X | Y | |||||
1 | NM 01 | 621530 | 2369454 | On the Thuong River before flowing into the Soi River | Bo Ha - Yen The | Surface water |
2 | M 01 | 622310 | 2369482 | On the Soi River before flowing into the river Love | Bo Ha - Yen The | Imported country save |
3 | NM 02 | 623617 | 2361313 | On Thuong River before joining the irrigation sluice of Duong Duc commune | Duc Mai village - Duong Duc commune - Lang Giang district | Surface water |
4 | M 02 | 623920 | 2361011 | On Duc Mai stream, Duong Duc commune before converging with Thuong river | Duc Mai village - Duong Duc commune - Lang Giang district | Inflow water |
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Identify Rating Levels and Rating Scales
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of the islanders. Therefore, this indicator will be divided into two sub-indicators:
a1. Natural tourism attractiveness a2. Cultural tourism attractiveness
b. Tourist capacity
The two island communes in Quan Lan have different capacities to receive tourists. Minh Chau Commune is home to many standard hotels and resorts, attracting high-income domestic and international tourists. Meanwhile, Quan Lan Commune has many motels mainly built and operated by local people, so the scale and quality are not high, and will be suitable for ordinary tourists such as students.
c. Time of exploitation of Quan Lan Island Commune:
Quan Lan tourism is seasonal due to weather and climate conditions and festivals only take place on certain days of the year, specifically in spring. In Quan Lan commune, the period from April to June and from September to November is considered the best time to visit Quan Lan because the cultural tourism activities are mainly associated with festivals taking place during this time.
Minh Chau island commune:
Tourism exploitation time is all year round, because this is a place with a number of tourist attractions with diverse ecosystems such as Bai Tu Long National Park Research Center, Tram forest, Turtle Laying Beach, so besides coming to the beach for tourism and vacation in the summer, Minh Chau will attract research groups to come for tourism combined with research at other times of the year.
d. Sustainability
The sustainability of ecotourism sites in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes depends on the sensitivity of the ecosystems to climate changes.
landscape. In general, these tourist destinations have a fairly high level of sustainability, because they are natural ecosystems, planned and protected. However, if a large number of tourists gather at certain times, it can exceed the carrying capacity and affect the sustainability of the environment (polluted beaches, damaged trees, animals moving away from their habitats, etc.), then the sustainability of the above ecosystems (natural ecosystems, human ecosystems) will also be affected and become less sustainable.
e. Location and accessibility
Both island communes have ports to take tourists to visit from Van Don wharf:
- Quan Lan – Van Don traffic route:
Phuc Thinh – Viet Anh high-speed boat and Quang Minh high-speed boat, depart at 8am and 2pm from Van Don to Quan Lan, and at 7am and 1pm from Quan Lan to Van Don. There are also wooden boats departing at 7am and 1pm.
- Van Don - Minh Chau traffic route:
Chung Huong high-speed train, Minh Chau train, morning 7:30 and afternoon 13:30 from Van Don to Minh Chau, morning 6:30 and afternoon 13:00 from Minh Chau to Van Don.
f. Infrastructure
Despite receiving investment attention, the issue of infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism on Quan Lan Island is still an issue that needs to be resolved because it has a direct impact on the implementation of ecotourism activities. The minimum conditions for serving tourists such as accommodation, electricity, water, communication, especially medical services, and security work need to be given top priority. Ecotourism spots in Minh Chau commune are assessed to have better infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism because there are quite complete and synchronous conditions for serving tourists, meeting many needs of domestic and foreign tourists.
3.2.1.4. Determine assessment levels and assessment scales
Corresponding to the levels of each criterion, the index is the score of those levels in the order of 4, 3, 2, 1 decreasing according to the standard of each level: very attractive (4), attractive (3), average (2), less attractive (1).
3.2.1.5. Determining the coefficients of the criteria
For the assessment of DLST in the two communes of Quan Lan and Minh Chau islands, the students added evaluation coefficients to show the importance of the criteria and indicators as follows:
Coefficient 3 with criteria: Attractiveness, Exploitation time. These are the 2 most important criteria for attracting tourists to tourism in general and eco-tourism in particular, so they have the highest coefficient.
Coefficient 2 with criteria: Capacity, Infrastructure, Location and accessibility . Because the assessment area is an island commune of Van Don district, the above criteria are selected by the author with appropriate coefficients at the average level.
Coefficient 1 with criteria: Sustainability. Quan Lan has natural and human-made ecotourism sites, with high biodiversity and little impact from local human factors. Most of the ecotourism sites are still wild, so they are highly sustainable.
3.2.1.6. Results of DLST assessment on Quan Lan island
a. Assessment of the potential for natural tourism development
For Minh Chau commune:
+ Natural tourism attractiveness is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined as average (2 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of Capacity criterion is 2 x 2 = 4.
+ Exploitation time is long (4 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Exploitation time criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is assessed as good (3 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 3 x 2 = 6 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Minh Chau commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 4 + 12 + 4 + 4 + 6 = 42 points
Similar assessment for Quan Lan commune, we have the following table:
Table 3.3: Assessment of the potential for natural ecotourism development in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of self-tourismof course
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
CommuneMinh Chau
12
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
42/52
Quan CommuneLan
6
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
33/52
b. Assessment of the potential for humanistic tourism development
For Quan Lan commune:
+ The attractiveness of human tourism is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined to be large (3 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Capacity criterion is 3 x 2 = 6.
+ Mining time is average (3 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Mining time criterion is 3 x 3 = 9.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points.
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is rated as average (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Quan Lan commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 6 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 36 points.
Similar assessment with Minh Chau commune we have the following table:
Table 3.4: Assessment of the potential for developing humanistic eco-tourism in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of human tourismliterature
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Quan CommuneLan
12
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
39/52
Minh CommuneChau
6
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
36/52
Basically, both Minh Chau and Quan Lan localities have quite favorable conditions for developing ecotourism. However, Quan Lan commune has more advantages to develop ecotourism in a humanistic direction, because this is an area with many famous historical relics such as Quan Lan Communal House, Quan Lan Pagoda, Temple worshiping the hero Tran Khanh Du, ... along with local festivals held annually such as the wind praying ceremony (March 15), Quan Lan festival (June 10-19); due to its location near the port and long exploitation time, the beaches in Quan Lan commune (especially Quan Lan beach) are no longer hygienic and clean to ensure the needs of tourists coming to relax and swim; this is also an area with many beautiful landscapes such as Got Beo wind pass, Ong Phong head, Voi Voi cave, but the ability to access these places is still very limited (dirt hill road, lots of gravel and rocks), especially during rainy and windy times; In addition, other natural resources such as mangrove forests and sea worms have not been really exploited for tourism purposes and ecotourism development. On the contrary, Minh Chau commune has more advantages in developing ecotourism in the direction of natural tourism, this is an area with diverse ecosystems such as at Rua De Beach, Bai Tu Long National Park Conservation Center...; Minh Chau beach is highly appreciated for its natural beauty and cleanliness, ranked in the top ten most beautiful beaches in Vietnam; Minh Chau commune is also home to Tram forest with a large area and a purity of up to 90%, suitable for building bridges through the forest (a very effective type of natural ecotourism currently applied by many countries) for tourists to sightsee, as well as for the purpose of studying and researching.
Figure 3.1: Thenmala Forest Bridge (India) Source: https://www.thenmalaecotourism.com/(August 21, 2019)
3.2.2. Using SWOT matrix to evaluate Quan Lan island tourism
General assessment of current tourism activities of Quan Lan island is shown through the following SWOT matrix:
Table 3.5: SWOT matrix evaluating tourism activities on Quan Lan island
Internal agent
Strengths- There is a lot of potential for tourism development, especially natural ecotourism and humanistic ecotourism.- The unskilled labor force is relatively abundant.- resource environmentunpolluted, still
Weaknesses- Poorly developed infrastructure, especially traffic routes to tourist destinations on the island.- The team of professional staff is still weak.- Tourism products in general
quite wild, originalintact
general and DLST in particularalone is monotonous.
External agents
Opportunity- Tourism is a key industry in the socio-economic development strategy of the province and Van Don economic zone.- Quan Lan was selected as a pilot area for eco-tourism development within the framework of the green growth project between Quang Ninh province and the Japanese organization JICA.- The flow of tourists and especially ecotourism in the world tends toincreasing
Challenge- Weather and climate change abnormally.- Competition in tourism products is increasingly fierce, especially with other localities in the province such as Ha Long, Mong Cai...- Awareness of tourists, especially domestic tourists, about ecotourism and nature conservation is not high.
Through summary analysis using SWOT matrix we see that:
To exploit strengths and take advantage of opportunities, it is necessary to:
- Diversify products and service types (build more tourism routes aimed at specific needs of tourists: experiential tourism immersed in nature, spiritual cultural tourism...)
- Effective exploitation of resources and differentiated products (natural resources and human resources)
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5
NM 03 | 623392 | 2359960 | Location on the Thuong River before converging with the stream Phu Khe | Phu Khe-Que Nham-Tan Yen | Surface water | |
6 | M 03 | 623035 | 2359775 | On Phu Khe stream before flowing into Thuong River | Phu Khe-Que Nham-Tan Yen | Imported country save |
7 | NM 04 | 624151 | 2356208 | On Thuong River before receiving wastewater from Tho Xuong Industrial Park and Ha Noi Fertilizer Plant North | Tho Xuong - Bac Giang City | Surface water |
8 | M 04 | 624022 | 2355739 | Wastewater discharge gate of Tho Xuong industrial cluster and Ha Noi fertilizer factory North before discharging into Thuong River | Tho Xuong - Bac Giang City | Waste water |
9 | NM 05 | 622872 | 2353636 | On Thuong River before passing through the discharge gate of Chi pumping station Glass | Tran Phu - Bac Giang City | Surface water |
10 | M 05 | 623065 | 2353589 | Station outlet Chi Ly pump | Tran Phu - City. Bac Giang | Water waste |
11 | NM 06 | 622904 | 2353509 | On the Thuong River before converging with Cau Sim stream | Da Mai - Bac Giang City | Surface water |
12 | M 06 | 622685 | 2353253 | On Sim Bridge before flowing into the Thuong River | Da Mai - Bac Giang City | Water import |
13 | NM 07 | 623056 | 2352987 | On Thuong River before passing through the discharge gate of Nha Be pumping station Oil | Tran Phu - Bac Giang City | Surface water |
14 | M 08 | 623216 | 2352924 | Discharge gate of Nha Dau pumping station | Tran Phu - Bac Giang City | Waste water |
15 | M 07 | 623108 | 2352909 | Habada Corporation's discharge gate when the station Pump House Oil not pump | Tran Phu - Bac Giang City | Waste water |
16
NM 08 | 623912 | 2352248 | On the Thuong River before converging with the Bun canal | Dong Son - Dong Quan - Bac Giang City | Surface water | |
17 | M 09 | 622863 | 2351909 | On Bun Stream before flowing into Thuong River | Dong Son - Dong Quan - Bac Giang City | Imported country save |
18 | NM 09 | 623286 | 2352597 | On Thuong River before passing through Dong Cua pumping station discharge gate | Le Loi - Bac Giang City | Surface water |
19 | M 10 | 624022 | 2352322 | Discharge gate of Dong Cua pumping station | Le Loi - Bac Giang City | Waste water |
20 | NM 10 | 624306 | 2352292 | On Thuong River before passing through Chau Xuyen pumping station discharge gate II Le Loi ward | Le Loi - Bac Giang City | Surface water |
21 | M 11 | 624571 | 2352284 | Chau Xuyen II pumping station discharge gate, Le Loi ward before discharging into the river Love | Le Loi - Bac Giang City | Waste water |
22 | NM 11 | 624665 | 2352004 | On Thuong River before passing through Chau Xuyen pumping station discharge gate I Le Loi ward | Le Loi - Bac Giang City | Surface water |
23 | M 12 | 624819 | 2351926 | Chau Xuyen I pumping station discharge gate, Le Loi ward before discharge into the Thuong River | Le Loi - Bac Giang City | Waste water |
24 | NM 12 | 625550 | 2350280 | On Thuong River before passing through Bac Giang city's wastewater discharge sewer at the city's wastewater treatment plant Bac Giang belongs to Tan Tien commune | Tan Tien - Yen Dung | Surface water |
25 | M 13 | 625680 | 2350410 | Bac Giang city wastewater discharge gate before discharging into Thuong river Tan Tien wastewater treatment area | Tan Tien - Yen Dung | Waste water |
26 | NM 13 | 625943 | 2348721 | On the Thuong River before converging with the Luc Nam River | Duc Giang - Yen Dung | Surface water |