is an important element in the balance of payments of many countries, growing faster than trade in goods. Tourism creates jobs and wealth and in many areas, has social, political, environmental and cultural significance. The author's basic approach is to conceive of tourism as a study in itself in which knowledge is systematically constructed and tested. An attempt has been made to draw a synthesis between theory and practice and to reflect on the dynamic nature of tourism in the second half of the 20th century and discuss historical trends.
The book: "The Economics of Leisure and Tourism" by John Tribe [91], research revolves around issues of organizing and promoting entertainment and tourism activities in relation to the international environment; the impact of entertainment and tourism business on the national economy, with environmental and investment issues and concerns the categories of profit, revenue, operating costs...
The book: "Service market in Hai Phong in the process of international economic integration" by author Pham Thi Thuy [69] studies the theory and practice of the characteristics and development trends of two service industries including maritime transport and tourism in Hai Phong. Determining the concept of tourism market, pointing out the competitive trend in tourism market to find the most favorable conditions in providing tourism products to exploit market needs to the maximum with existing capacity.
The topic: " Scientific basis for developing coastal island tourism in the North Central region " by Pham Trung Luong [58] has assessed the position and role of coastal island tourism in the strategy for economic, social, security and defense development in the North Central coastal region of Vietnam and in the development of tourism in the East-West Economic Corridor (EWEC). The characteristics of tourism resources and human resources related to tourism development in coastal islands in the North Central region have been analyzed. The current status of tourism development on the islands, advantages and disadvantages, opportunities and challenges for the development of coastal island tourism; Orientation for the development of sea and island tourism products
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![Mobile Phone Usage in Hanoi Inner City Area
zt2i3t4l5ee
zt2a3gsconsumer,consumption,consumer behavior,marketing,mobile marketing
zt2a3ge
zc2o3n4t5e6n7ts
- Test the relationship between demographic variables and consumer behavior for Mobile Marketing activities
The analysis method used is the Chi-square test (χ2), with statistical hypotheses H0 and H1 and significance level α = 0.05. In case the P index (p-value) or Sig. index in SPSS has a value less than or equal to the significance level α, the hypothesis H0 is rejected and vice versa. With this testing procedure, the study can evaluate the difference in behavioral trends between demographic groups.
CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH RESULTS
During two months, 1,100 survey questionnaires were distributed to mobile phone users in the inner city of Hanoi using various methods such as direct interviews, sending via email or using questionnaires designed on the Internet. At the end of the survey, after checking and eliminating erroneous questionnaires, the study collected 858 complete questionnaires, equivalent to a rate of about 78%. In addition, the research subjects of the thesis are only people who are using mobile phones, so people who do not use mobile phones are not within the scope of the thesis, therefore, the questionnaires with the option of not using mobile phones were excluded from the scope of analysis. The number of suitable survey questionnaires included in the statistical analysis was 835.
4.1 Demographic characteristics of the sample
The structure of the survey sample is divided and statistically analyzed according to criteria such as gender, age, occupation, education level and personal income. (Detailed statistical table in Appendix 6)
- Gender structure: Of the 835 completed questionnaires, 49.8% of respondents were male, equivalent to 416 people, and 50.2% were female, equivalent to 419 people. The survey results of the study are completely consistent with the gender ratio in the population structure of Vietnam in general and Hanoi in particular (Male/Female: 49/51).
- Age structure: 36.6% of respondents are <23 years old, equivalent to 306 people. People from 23-34 years old
accounting for the highest proportion: 44.8% equivalent to 374 people, people aged 35-45 and >45 are 70 and 85 people equivalent to 8.4% and 10.2% respectively. Looking at the results of this survey, we can see that the young people - youth account for a large proportion of the total number of people participating in the survey. Meanwhile, the middle-aged people including two age groups of 35 - 45 and >45 have a low rate of participation in the survey. This is completely consistent with the reality when Mobile Marketing is identified as a Marketing service aimed at young people (people under 35 years old).
- Structure by educational level: among 835 valid responses, 541 respondents had university degrees, accounting for the highest proportion of ~ 75%, 102 had secondary school degrees, ~ 13.1%, and 93 had post-graduate degrees, ~ 11.9%.
- Occupational structure: office workers and civil servants are the group with the highest rate of participation with 39.4%, followed by students with 36.6%. Self-employed people account for 12%, retired housewives are 7.8% and other occupational groups account for 4.2%. The survey results show that the student group has the same rate as the group aged <23 at 36.6%. This shows the accuracy of the survey data. In addition, the survey results distributed by occupational criteria have a rate almost similar to the sample division rate in chapter 3. Therefore, it can be concluded that the survey data is suitable for use in analysis activities.
- Income structure: the group with income from 3 to 5 million has the highest rate with 39% of the total number of respondents. This is consistent with the income structure of Hanoi people and corresponds to the average income of the group of civil servants and office workers. Those
People with no income account for 23%, income under 3 million VND accounts for 13% and income over 5 million VND accounts for 25%.
4.2 Mobile phone usage in Hanoi inner city area
According to the survey results, most respondents said they had used the phone for more than 1 year, specifically: 68.4% used mobile phones from 4 to 10 years, 23.2% used from 1 to 3 years, 7.8% used for more than 10 years. Those who used mobile phones for less than 1 year accounted for only a very small proportion of ~ 0.6%. (Table 4.1)
Table 4.1: Time spent using mobile phones
Frequency
Ratio (%)
Valid Percentage
Cumulative Percentage
Alid
<1 year
5
.6
.6
.6
1-3 years
194
23.2
23.2
23.8
4-10 years
571
68.4
68.4
92.2
>10 years
65
7.8
7.8
100.0
Total
835
100.0
100.0
The survey indexes on the time of using mobile phones of consumers in the inner city of Hanoi are very impressive for a developing country like Vietnam and also prove that Vietnamese consumers have a lot of experience using this high-tech device. Moreover, with the majority of consumers surveyed having a relatively long time of use (4-10 years), it partly proves that mobile phones have become an important and essential item in peoples daily lives.
When asked about the mobile phone network they are using, 31% of respondents said they are using the network of Vietel company, 29% use the network of
of Mobifone company, 27% use Vinaphone companys network and 13% use networks of other providers such as E-VN telecom, S-fone, Beeline, Vietnammobile. (Figure 4.1).
Figure 4.1: Mobile phone network in use
Compared with the announced market share of mobile telecommunications service providers in Vietnam (Vietel: 36%, Mobifone: 29%, Vinaphone: 28%, the remaining networks: 7%), we see that the survey results do not have many differences. However, the statistics show that there is a difference in the market share of other networks because the Hanoi market is one of the two main markets of small networks, so their market share in this area will certainly be higher than that of the whole country.
According to a report by NielsenMobile (2009) [8], the number of prepaid mobile phone subscribers in Hanoi accounts for 95% of the total number of subscribers, however, the results of this survey show that the percentage of prepaid subscribers has decreased by more than 20%, only at 70.8%. On the contrary, the number of postpaid subscribers tends to increase from 5% in 2009 to 19.2%. Those who are simultaneously using both types of subscriptions account for 10%. (Table 4.2).
Table 4.2: Types of mobile phone subscribers
Frequency
Ratio (%)
Valid Percentage
Cumulative Percentage
Valid
Prepay
591
70.8
70.8
70.8
Pay later
160
19.2
19.2
89.9
Both of the above
84
10.1
10.1
100.0
Total
835
100.0
100.0
The above figures show the change in the psychology and consumption habits of Vietnamese consumers towards mobile telecommunications services, when the use of prepaid subscriptions and junk SIMs is replaced by the use of two types of subscriptions for different purposes and needs or switching to postpaid subscriptions to enjoy better customer care services.
In addition, the majority of respondents have an average spending level for mobile phone services from 100 to 300 thousand VND (406 ~ 48.6% of total respondents). The high spending level (> 500 thousand VND) is the spending level with the lowest number of people with only 8.4%, on the contrary, the low spending level (under 100 thousand VND) accounts for the second highest proportion among the groups of respondents with 25.4%. People with low spending levels mainly fall into the group of students and retirees/housewives - those who have little need to use or mainly use promotional SIM cards. (Table 4.3).
Table 4.3: Spending on mobile phone charges
Frequency
Ratio (%)
Valid Percentage
Cumulative Percentage
Valid
<100,000
212
25.4
25.4
25.4
100-300,000
406
48.6
48.6
74.0
300,000-500,000
147
17.6
17.6
91.6
>500,000
70
8.4
8.4
100.0
Total
835
100.0
100.0
The statistics in Table 4.3 are similar to the percentages in the NielsenMobile survey results (2009) with 73% of mobile phone users having medium spending levels and only 13% having high spending levels.
The survey results also showed that up to 31% ~ nearly one-third of respondents said they sent more than 10 SMS messages/day, meaning that on average they sent 1 SMS message for every working hour. Those with an average SMS message volume (from 3 to 10 messages/day) accounted for 51.1% and those with a low SMS message volume (less than 3 messages/day) accounted for 17%. (Table 4.4)
Table 4.4: Number of SMS messages sent per day
Frequency
Ratio (%)
Valid Percentage
Cumulative Percentage
Valid
<3 news
142
17.0
17.0
17.0
3-10 news
427
51.1
51.1
68.1
>10 news
266
31.9
31.9
100.0
Total
835
100.0
100.0
Similar to sending messages, those with an average message receiving rate (from 3-10 messages/day) accounted for the highest percentage of ~ 55%, followed by those with a high number of messages (over 10 messages/day) ~ 24% and those with a low number of messages received daily (under 3 messages/day) remained at the bottom with 21%. (Table 4.5)
Table 4.5: Number of SMS messages received per day
Frequency
Ratio (%)
Valid Percentage
Cumulative Percentage
Valid
<3 news
175
21.0
21.0
21.0
3-10 news
436
55.0
55.0
76.0
>10 news
197
24.0
24.0
100.0
Total
835
100.0
100.0
When comparing the data of the two result tables 4.4 and 4.5, we can see the reasonableness between the ratio of the number of messages sent and the number of messages received daily by the interview participants.
4.3 Current status of SMS advertising and Mobile Marketing
According to the interview results, in the 3 months from the time of the survey and before, 94% of respondents, equivalent to 785 people, said they received advertising messages, while only a very small percentage of 6% (only 50 people) did not receive advertising messages (Table 4.6).
Table 4.6: Percentage of people receiving advertising messages in the last 3 months
Frequency
Ratio (%)
Valid Percentage
Cumulative Percentage
Valid
Have
785
94.0
94.0
94.0
Are not
50
6.0
6.0
100.0
Total
835
100.0
100.0
The results of Table 4.6 show that consumers in the inner city of Hanoi are very familiar with advertising messages. This result is also the basis for assessing the knowledge, experience and understanding of the respondents in the interview. This is also one of the important factors determining the accuracy of the survey results.
In addition, most respondents said they had received promotional messages, but only 24% of them had ever taken the action of registering to receive promotional messages, while 76% of the remaining respondents did not register to receive promotional messages but still received promotional messages every day. This is the first sign indicating the weaknesses and shortcomings of lax management of this activity in Vietnam. (Table 4.7)
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Mobile Phone Usage in Hanoi Inner City Area
zt2i3t4l5ee
zt2a3gsconsumer,consumption,consumer behavior,marketing,mobile marketing
zt2a3ge
zc2o3n4t5e6n7ts
- Test the relationship between demographic variables and consumer behavior for Mobile Marketing activities
The analysis method used is the Chi-square test (χ2), with statistical hypotheses H0 and H1 and significance level α = 0.05. In case the P index (p-value) or Sig. index in SPSS has a value less than or equal to the significance level α, the hypothesis H0 is rejected and vice versa. With this testing procedure, the study can evaluate the difference in behavioral trends between demographic groups.
CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH RESULTS
During two months, 1,100 survey questionnaires were distributed to mobile phone users in the inner city of Hanoi using various methods such as direct interviews, sending via email or using questionnaires designed on the Internet. At the end of the survey, after checking and eliminating erroneous questionnaires, the study collected 858 complete questionnaires, equivalent to a rate of about 78%. In addition, the research subjects of the thesis are only people who are using mobile phones, so people who do not use mobile phones are not within the scope of the thesis, therefore, the questionnaires with the option of not using mobile phones were excluded from the scope of analysis. The number of suitable survey questionnaires included in the statistical analysis was 835.
4.1 Demographic characteristics of the sample
The structure of the survey sample is divided and statistically analyzed according to criteria such as gender, age, occupation, education level and personal income. (Detailed statistical table in Appendix 6)
- Gender structure: Of the 835 completed questionnaires, 49.8% of respondents were male, equivalent to 416 people, and 50.2% were female, equivalent to 419 people. The survey results of the study are completely consistent with the gender ratio in the population structure of Vietnam in general and Hanoi in particular (Male/Female: 49/51).
- Age structure: 36.6% of respondents are <23 years old, equivalent to 306 people. People from 23-34 years old
accounting for the highest proportion: 44.8% equivalent to 374 people, people aged 35-45 and >45 are 70 and 85 people equivalent to 8.4% and 10.2% respectively. Looking at the results of this survey, we can see that the young people - youth account for a large proportion of the total number of people participating in the survey. Meanwhile, the middle-aged people including two age groups of 35 - 45 and >45 have a low rate of participation in the survey. This is completely consistent with the reality when Mobile Marketing is identified as a Marketing service aimed at young people (people under 35 years old).
- Structure by educational level: among 835 valid responses, 541 respondents had university degrees, accounting for the highest proportion of ~ 75%, 102 had secondary school degrees, ~ 13.1%, and 93 had post-graduate degrees, ~ 11.9%.
- Occupational structure: office workers and civil servants are the group with the highest rate of participation with 39.4%, followed by students with 36.6%. Self-employed people account for 12%, retired housewives are 7.8% and other occupational groups account for 4.2%. The survey results show that the student group has the same rate as the group aged <23 at 36.6%. This shows the accuracy of the survey data. In addition, the survey results distributed by occupational criteria have a rate almost similar to the sample division rate in chapter 3. Therefore, it can be concluded that the survey data is suitable for use in analysis activities.
- Income structure: the group with income from 3 to 5 million has the highest rate with 39% of the total number of respondents. This is consistent with the income structure of Hanoi people and corresponds to the average income of the group of civil servants and office workers. Those
People with no income account for 23%, income under 3 million VND accounts for 13% and income over 5 million VND accounts for 25%.
4.2 Mobile phone usage in Hanoi inner city area
According to the survey results, most respondents said they had used the phone for more than 1 year, specifically: 68.4% used mobile phones from 4 to 10 years, 23.2% used from 1 to 3 years, 7.8% used for more than 10 years. Those who used mobile phones for less than 1 year accounted for only a very small proportion of ~ 0.6%. (Table 4.1)
Table 4.1: Time spent using mobile phones
Frequency
Ratio (%)
Valid Percentage
Cumulative Percentage
Alid
<1 year
5
.6
.6
.6
1-3 years
194
23.2
23.2
23.8
4-10 years
571
68.4
68.4
92.2
>10 years
65
7.8
7.8
100.0
Total
835
100.0
100.0
The survey indexes on the time of using mobile phones of consumers in the inner city of Hanoi are very impressive for a developing country like Vietnam and also prove that Vietnamese consumers have a lot of experience using this high-tech device. Moreover, with the majority of consumers surveyed having a relatively long time of use (4-10 years), it partly proves that mobile phones have become an important and essential item in people's daily lives.
When asked about the mobile phone network they are using, 31% of respondents said they are using the network of Vietel company, 29% use the network of
of Mobifone company, 27% use Vinaphone company's network and 13% use networks of other providers such as E-VN telecom, S-fone, Beeline, Vietnammobile. (Figure 4.1).
Figure 4.1: Mobile phone network in use
Compared with the announced market share of mobile telecommunications service providers in Vietnam (Vietel: 36%, Mobifone: 29%, Vinaphone: 28%, the remaining networks: 7%), we see that the survey results do not have many differences. However, the statistics show that there is a difference in the market share of other networks because the Hanoi market is one of the two main markets of small networks, so their market share in this area will certainly be higher than that of the whole country.
According to a report by NielsenMobile (2009) [8], the number of prepaid mobile phone subscribers in Hanoi accounts for 95% of the total number of subscribers, however, the results of this survey show that the percentage of prepaid subscribers has decreased by more than 20%, only at 70.8%. On the contrary, the number of postpaid subscribers tends to increase from 5% in 2009 to 19.2%. Those who are simultaneously using both types of subscriptions account for 10%. (Table 4.2).
Table 4.2: Types of mobile phone subscribers
Frequency
Ratio (%)
Valid Percentage
Cumulative Percentage
Valid
Prepay
591
70.8
70.8
70.8
Pay later
160
19.2
19.2
89.9
Both of the above
84
10.1
10.1
100.0
Total
835
100.0
100.0
The above figures show the change in the psychology and consumption habits of Vietnamese consumers towards mobile telecommunications services, when the use of prepaid subscriptions and junk SIMs is replaced by the use of two types of subscriptions for different purposes and needs or switching to postpaid subscriptions to enjoy better customer care services.
In addition, the majority of respondents have an average spending level for mobile phone services from 100 to 300 thousand VND (406 ~ 48.6% of total respondents). The high spending level (> 500 thousand VND) is the spending level with the lowest number of people with only 8.4%, on the contrary, the low spending level (under 100 thousand VND) accounts for the second highest proportion among the groups of respondents with 25.4%. People with low spending levels mainly fall into the group of students and retirees/housewives - those who have little need to use or mainly use promotional SIM cards. (Table 4.3).
Table 4.3: Spending on mobile phone charges
Frequency
Ratio (%)
Valid Percentage
Cumulative Percentage
Valid
<100,000
212
25.4
25.4
25.4
100-300,000
406
48.6
48.6
74.0
300,000-500,000
147
17.6
17.6
91.6
>500,000
70
8.4
8.4
100.0
Total
835
100.0
100.0
The statistics in Table 4.3 are similar to the percentages in the NielsenMobile survey results (2009) with 73% of mobile phone users having medium spending levels and only 13% having high spending levels.
The survey results also showed that up to 31% ~ nearly one-third of respondents said they sent more than 10 SMS messages/day, meaning that on average they sent 1 SMS message for every working hour. Those with an average SMS message volume (from 3 to 10 messages/day) accounted for 51.1% and those with a low SMS message volume (less than 3 messages/day) accounted for 17%. (Table 4.4)
Table 4.4: Number of SMS messages sent per day
Frequency
Ratio (%)
Valid Percentage
Cumulative Percentage
Valid
<3 news
142
17.0
17.0
17.0
3-10 news
427
51.1
51.1
68.1
>10 news
266
31.9
31.9
100.0
Total
835
100.0
100.0
Similar to sending messages, those with an average message receiving rate (from 3-10 messages/day) accounted for the highest percentage of ~ 55%, followed by those with a high number of messages (over 10 messages/day) ~ 24% and those with a low number of messages received daily (under 3 messages/day) remained at the bottom with 21%. (Table 4.5)
Table 4.5: Number of SMS messages received per day
Frequency
Ratio (%)
Valid Percentage
Cumulative Percentage
Valid
<3 news
175
21.0
21.0
21.0
3-10 news
436
55.0
55.0
76.0
>10 news
197
24.0
24.0
100.0
Total
835
100.0
100.0
When comparing the data of the two result tables 4.4 and 4.5, we can see the reasonableness between the ratio of the number of messages sent and the number of messages received daily by the interview participants.
4.3 Current status of SMS advertising and Mobile Marketing
According to the interview results, in the 3 months from the time of the survey and before, 94% of respondents, equivalent to 785 people, said they received advertising messages, while only a very small percentage of 6% (only 50 people) did not receive advertising messages (Table 4.6).
Table 4.6: Percentage of people receiving advertising messages in the last 3 months
Frequency
Ratio (%)
Valid Percentage
Cumulative Percentage
Valid
Have
785
94.0
94.0
94.0
Are not
50
6.0
6.0
100.0
Total
835
100.0
100.0
The results of Table 4.6 show that consumers in the inner city of Hanoi are very familiar with advertising messages. This result is also the basis for assessing the knowledge, experience and understanding of the respondents in the interview. This is also one of the important factors determining the accuracy of the survey results.
In addition, most respondents said they had received promotional messages, but only 24% of them had ever taken the action of registering to receive promotional messages, while 76% of the remaining respondents did not register to receive promotional messages but still received promotional messages every day. This is the first sign indicating the weaknesses and shortcomings of lax management of this activity in Vietnam. (Table 4.7)
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Research Model of Factors Impacting Work Motivation of Tour Guide Team in Binh Dinh Province -
Research on factors affecting the decision to purchase gypsum board of Huy An private trading enterprise from institutional customers in Ho Chi Minh City - 13
Characteristics of coastal islands in the North Central Coast tourism region in relation to "demand". Research on sustainable tourism development associated with conservation activities, community development with poverty reduction and ensuring security, national defense and proposing solutions to ensure sustainable island tourism development.
The article: "Thai Interpretation of Socio- cultural Impacts of Tourism Development in Beach Resort" by Somruthai Soontayatron [103] studied the importance of Buddhism in Thai culture, Thai people's thoughts. The social exchange theory of local residents is very useful for assessing tourism impacts. It provides an overview of Thai culture which is necessary to explain the social structure of the people on the socio-cultural impacts of tourism development beyond the purely Western socio-cultural explanation.
The article "The importance of the Muslim travel market" by Shamilka Rasheed [104] analyzed the Muslim travel market, which is considered to be the highest spending travel market in the world. It is important for destinations, businesses and tourism-related entities to consider the needs of this market segment. The Muslim travel market has a huge but untapped potential for many business opportunities and future revenue growth. Therefore, there is a need to diversify the travel market for development.
In addition, there are articles such as: "The importance of the multi-purpose journey to work in urban travel behavior" by Susan Hanson [102]; "The Importance of Marketing in Tourism" by Trudy Brunot, http://bizfluent.com/, Updated April 19, 2018 and studies on the importance of multi-purpose business trips in the overall travel pattern of urban households. There are articles focusing on examining the nature of travel links generated by work, ...
1.1.3. Research related to content, influencing factors and experience in tourism market development
- Research on tourism market development content
The book: "Organization and business in the market of goods and services in Vietnam" by Hoang Duc Than [68] studies the development of the market of goods and services, including tourism in Vietnam in the overall social market. The book: "Some issues on Vietnam tourism" by Dinh Trung Kien [51] raises and analyzes basic issues of Vietnam tourism such as: tourism resources, state management of tourism, tourism development planning, in which some issues related to tourism are concerned.
The book: "Competitiveness of Vietnam's tourism destinations" by author Nguyen Anh Tuan [72] focuses on generalizing some basic theories on destination competitiveness in tourism development; applying some new models and research methods to analyze and evaluate the current status of destination competitiveness of Vietnam's tourism industry; pointing out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and pressures of destination competition for Vietnam's tourism industry, proposing viewpoints, policy recommendations and solutions to improve the destination competitiveness of Vietnam's tourism industry with coherent, comprehensive and feasible arguments.
In the book: "Quang Ninh tourism market in international economic integration" by Tran Xuan Anh [42], the study analyzes the theoretical and practical basis of tourism market and evaluates the current status of Quang Ninh tourism market in international economic integration, outlines the achievements and issues that need to be overcome; forecasts the development trend of international and national tourism market, to propose directions and solutions for developing this market in Quang Ninh province in international economic integration.
The book: "Developing tourism accommodation business in the Northern tourist region of Vietnam" by author Hoang Thi Lan Huong [49] has clarified the theoretical basis of tourism accommodation business, sustainable development of tourism accommodation business,
Building a system of indicators to assess the level of sustainable tourism accommodation business development. Analyzing, summarizing and drawing international lessons from research on sustainable tourism accommodation business development models of some ASEAN countries; analyzing the current situation and proposing breakthrough solutions for the development of tourism accommodation businesses and state management entities in the Northern tourism region of Vietnam.
- Research on factors affecting the development of TTDL
The article: "Factors influencing Vietnam's tourism development" by Nguyen Thi Khanh Chi and Ha Thuc Vien [108] investigated the qualifications of tourism developers and the main factors affecting tourism development in 12 of the most attractive provinces and cities in Vietnam (Quang Ninh, Hanoi, Ninh Binh, Thua Thien Hue, Da Nang, Lam Dong, Khanh Hoa, Binh Thuan, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Can Tho, Kien Giang and Ho Chi Minh City) were randomly selected for survey and interview with 32 preset variables; data analysis using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and multivariate linear regression analysis (MLRA). EFA was used to extract the 11 most relevant variables classified into three groups: (i) Internal components of the tourism industry including tourism management system, tourism infrastructure, social infrastructure, economic insurance for hotels, application of technology in tourism; (ii) External components affecting the tourism industry including political environment, cultural environment, competitive environment and (iii) Tourism resources including good awareness of environmental protection, natural resources, cultural values. According to EFA, MLRA was applied to identify the main variables (factors) affecting the development of Vietnam tourism, according to statistics. The results of multivariate linear regression showed the influence of these groups of factors on the development of Vietnam tourism at a significant level of 1%. This is a document that can suggest to graduate students about the method of quantitatively assessing the impact of factors on tourism in implementing their thesis topics.
The article: "The Main Factors In fluencing the Destination Choice, Satisfaction and the Loyalty of Ski Resorts Customers in the Context of Different Research Approaches" by Monika Bédiová, Kateřina Ryglová [95] summarized the scientific methods in the research on destination choice, satisfaction and loyalty of ski resort customers. The analysis of existing models and trends from scientific journals to propose ways to adapt, attract and "retain" tourists at ski tourist destinations.
In addition, there are practical studies in some countries to draw out the factors affecting the development of tourism, such as the article: "Factors Affecting Marketing in Travel and Tourism" by Robert Morello [99]. Including: Events, seasons, currency exchange rates, the level of development of tourist destinations, government support, tourism trends. The article: "Factors Affecting Hotel Industry Development in Portugal " by Dr. Minoo Farhangmehr & Dr. Cláudia Sim [94] discussed the need to adapt and improve tourism supply to meet new tourism demand dynamics. The development process of the hotel industry is influenced by the following factors: cooperation with other units; differentiated services and customization; diverse support from Government Departments; training support; attractiveness of the area where the unit is located; family support and manager commitment to the company's capital; marketing support; tax exemptions and incentives; promotion and expansion of the range of services. The article: "Factors affecting the development of catering enterprises in Poland" by Edyta Gheribi [86] studied the development of catering services for tourists which is certainly related to the economic and social changes taking place in Poland, suggesting the development of this industry in all provinces for both rich and poor people. The article: "Factors influencing local tourists' decision-making on choosing a destination a case of Azerbaijan" by Javid Seyidov, Roma Adomaitienė [88] analyzed the social, cultural, personal and psychological factors influencing the decision-making of Azerbaijani tourists to travel to different types of tourist destinations with different attributes such as: attractions, amenities, accessibility, image, price and human resources.
- Research on experience in developing tourism market
Book: "Networks, clusters and innovation in tourism: A UK experience", author group Marina Novelli, Birte Schmitz and TrishaSpencer
[96] argued that in an era where tourism is dominated by tailored experience requirements, SMEs play a key role in providing a full range of products and services to tourists by meeting their most specific requirements. Using networks and clusters as a framework provides SMEs with innovative opportunities to operate in a competitive tourism environment; focusing on the specific issues of healthy lifestyle tourism, using the UK as a model to discuss the process and implications of network and cluster development in tourism.
Nguyen Trung Khanh with the book: "Developing tourism travel services in the context of international economic integration: Experiences of some East Asian countries and policy suggestions for Vietnam" [50] has systematized some basic theories related to the development of tourism travel services in the context of international integration and the experiences of some East Asian countries including China, Malaysia and Thailand that Vietnam can refer to. Assessing the current status of tourism travel service development in Vietnam and proposing solutions and recommendations on policies for developing this service in Vietnam in the context of international economic integration.
In addition, there is also a typical TTDL-related work such as the article: "Determinants of Market Competitiveness in an Environmentally Sustainable Tourism Industryn" by Salah Hassan [105], which identifies that tourism must undergo significant changes and face new challenges, which require new perspectives. At least: (1) new forms of tourism, characterized by a tendency to depart from mass tourism; and (2) the diffusion of information and communication technology, with widespread impacts on the creation, production and consumption of tourism products. The success and limitations of most efforts to exploit opportunity niches require the consideration of experience as a new attribute.
important for planning strategies, policies and integration of information and social aspects of tourism,...
1.1.4. Research related to assessing the current status of the tourism market
Nguyen Quynh Nga in the book: "Research and evaluation of some characteristics of the Japanese and Chinese markets to develop tourist sources for Vietnam tourism" [64] presented the concept of tourist market, tourist sources, some influencing factors and principles of exploiting tourist markets; analyzed the characteristics of Japanese and Chinese tourist markets to Vietnam based on the results of sociological surveys on tourists and proposed solutions to exploit this source of tourists. This research work has practical application significance for the tourism industry to develop tourism, is a useful document for tourism development and tourism management.
Topic: "ASEAN tourism market and exploitation direction of Vietnam tourism" of the Institute for Tourism Development Research [74] from the study of the basic characteristics of ASEAN tourism markets and their development trends, relationships, and impacts on Vietnam tourism to determine the scientific basis for proposing policies and directions for the development of Vietnam tourism market to exploit this tourism market most effectively, contributing positively to the integration of Vietnam tourism according to the general development trend of ASEAN countries and the world.
Book: "Ha Tay Province Tourism Market" by author Hoang Thi Ngoc Lan
[52] analyzed the theory of tourism demand, stating that it is the total quantity of tourism products that tourists are able and willing to buy at different prices in a certain period of time. Tourism demand is very complex and diverse, it depends primarily on tourists' needs for tourism products... From there, assess the current status of tourism market development in Ha Tay province, weaknesses and causes; propose directions and main solutions to develop this market in the coming time.
Topic: "Current status and solutions for developing national coastal tourism areas in the North Central tourist region" by Nguyen Thu Hanh [47]. Authors
has focused on clarifying the theoretical basis of marine tourism and the development of national marine tourism areas. Presenting new concepts of tourism products of national marine tourism areas, foreign experiences in developing marine tourism areas. Analyzing and evaluating the current status of the development of Vietnamese marine tourism areas in the North Central region and proposing orientations and solutions to promote the development of these tourist areas until 2020.
Ha Van Sieu in "Assessing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges for Vietnam tourism in the next decade 2011 - 2020" [67] gave general comments on implementing the master plan for Vietnam tourism development in the period 1995 - 2010, finding strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges, requiring the next decade to 2020, vision 2030 to restructure and change the growth model to focus on in-depth development, with selectivity and priority, with quality and reflected in outstanding brands, with high added value, ensuring sustainable efficiency and enhancing competitiveness.
The study evaluating the current situation of Vietnam's tourism market by author Van Duong (2017) presented an overview of Vietnam's tourism market in the period 2011.
- 2017, the competitiveness of the tourism industry based on the TTCI ranking of the World Economic Forum (WRF) 2015, pointed out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges of Vietnam tourism in international integration; presented new orientations in tourism development. This is a useful reference for the thesis work of the doctoral student [45].
1.1.5. Research related to directions and solutions for tourism market development
- Research related to perspectives and directions of TTDL development
Article: " New directions in tourism for third World development" by John Brohman
[90] analyzed the rapid growth of the Third World tourism industry. However, it also encountered many of the common problems with outward-looking development strategies, including: excessive foreign dependence, the creation of