reflecting the economic relationship between legal entities, which is regulated by the State in terms of form, specifications, indicators and methods of preparation. The type of accounting vouchers that are of a guiding nature are mainly used within the enterprise. For this type of voucher, the State only guides the basic indicators (Article 17 of the Accounting Law). Enterprises must base on the specific characteristics and conditions to apply and can add, remove or change indicators. Thus, for management accounting, organizing the system of accounting vouchers related to cost management accounting and product prices in a scientific and reasonable manner is extremely important in the management of production costs and product prices. On the one hand, it serves to collect complete and accurate information on production costs and product prices in the past and forecast for the future. On the other hand, it helps to check and strictly control production costs arising during the period, control the implementation of estimates and established cost norms. From there, there are appropriate solutions and measures to manage production costs and product prices in the enterprise.
The accounting voucher system of enterprises in the plant seed industry is currently implemented according to Decision 15/2006/QD-BTC dated March 20, 2006 of the Minister of Finance without any amendments. Therefore, it does not reflect the indicators that need to be controlled regarding costs and compared with technical and economic norms, cost estimates according to the content of each arising transaction.
Depending on the characteristics of each type of enterprise in the Vietnamese plant seed industry, the system of documents should be completed to suit the enterprise. However, in general, enterprises in the Vietnamese plant seed industry need to complete the system of accounting documents related to management accounting of production costs and product prices with the following basic contents:
- Building a system of accounting documents related to management accounting of production costs and product prices must ensure the following requirements:
+ Determine the types of documents for each activity, each type of business and each related department, each management responsibility center, clearly define the functions of each department in the process of preparing documents (cultivation activities, livestock activities).
farming, processing operations, cost centers, business centers…).
+ The preparation of accounting documents related to production costs and product prices must ensure comparability and comparison between actual costs incurred and cost estimates, cost norms, fixed costs, variable costs, mixed costs, reasons for increase or decrease, and must fully reflect relevant factors such as: name and address of the person preparing the document, cost-bearing objects, business content, date of document preparation, physical indicators, value indicators.
+ Clearly define the responsibilities of each department and individual creating documents and the time of creating documents.
The system of guiding documents related to production costs and product prices in enterprises in the Vietnamese plant variety industry mainly reflects and provides past information. To ensure that the requirements of management accounting documents provide information comparable to estimates, cost norms, fixed costs or variable costs, etc., the system of documents needs to complete more indicators on estimated norms, technical and economic norms, fixed costs, and variable costs to serve as a basis for comparison with norms, estimates and summaries according to each type of cost.
Documents related to the export of raw materials and power can be completed according to the following forms: Table 3.2 "Sample of warehouse delivery note according to quota"; Table 3.3 "Sample of warehouse delivery note"
The warehouse delivery note according to the quota and the warehouse delivery note have the same structure as the accounting regime (Decision 15/QD-BTC dated March 20, 2006), but need to add columns "approved quota", "norm", "difference", "variable cost", "fixed cost" to reflect the types of raw materials and fuels used for production and business activities. In order to strictly manage, according to the quota, cost estimates, the amount exceeding the normal level and the amount saved.
Table 3.2. Sample warehouse delivery note according to limit WAREHOUSE DELIVERY NOTE BY LIMIT
Date……month…….year……..
Recipient's name:………………………….. Number:……………….
Department of use…………………………….. Provisions
Reason for issuance…………………………………… Debit account:……………
Issued at warehouse…………………………………. Account number:……………
TT
Brand name, quality specifications of materials, products and goods | Code | Unit T | Approved limit | Actual quantity exported | Difference (±) | Export price | Total amount | Fixed cost | Variable cost | |
A | B | C | D | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | E | G |
Add |
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Date …….. month…….. year……….
In charge of the user department
(Signature, full name)
Supply and consumption manager
(Signature, full name)
Receiver
(Signature, full name)
Storekeeper
(Signature, full name)
Table 3.3. Warehouse delivery note form
WAREHOUSE DELIVERY NOTE
Date……month…….year……..
Recipient's name:………………………….. Number:……………….
Department of use…………………………….. Provisions
Reason for issuance…………………………………… Debit account:……………
Issued at warehouse…………………………………. Account number:……………
TT
Brand name, quality specifications of materials, products and goods | Code | Unit | Quantity | Export price | Total amount | Fixed cost | Variable cost | |||||
By level | Actual output | Difference (±) | By level | Actual output | Difference (±) | |||||||
A | B | C | D | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | E | G | |||
Add | ||||||||||||
Date …….. month…….. year……….
In charge of the user department
(Signature, full name)
Supply and consumption manager
(Signature, full name)
Receiver
(Signature, full name)
Storekeeper
(Signature, full name)
Documents related to direct labor costs, enterprises can design according to the form: Table 3.4a "Payment by product contract method"; Table 3.4b "Labor monitoring form for direct production workers"
Based on these documents, accountants classify and arrange them by department, farm, and production team, thereby confirming the level of direct material costs and direct labor costs according to accounting objects, and collecting production costs according to each type of product and plant variety.
Table 3.4a. Payment by product lump sum method
PAYMENT BY PRODUCT PACKAGE METHOD
TT
Full name | Position | Payroll items | Allowance | Total | |||||||||||
Salary coefficient | Quality salary coefficient | Salary coefficient | Product price | Number of products | Product salary | Responsibility | Overtime | ||||||||
Level 1 | Level … | broken product | Level 1 | Level … | broken product | ||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
Deductions
Total deduction | Advance payment period 1 | The remaining amount is received. | ||||||
Food money | Social insurance | Health insurance | Union dues | Income Tax | Compensation | |||
17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
Table 3.4b. Labor monitoring form for direct production workers
LABOR MONITORING FORM FOR DIRECT PRODUCTION WORKERS
Date
Product code | Production order | Number of products produced | Unit price of salary calculated by product | Total SP salary | Signed | |||||||
Total | In there | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level … | Defective product | |||||||
Level 1 | Level … | Product damaged goods | ||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
For general production costs: The important characteristic of general production costs is that costs must be classified according to fixed costs, variable costs, and mixed costs. General production costs are aggregated according to the location of cost occurrence, according to cost factors, and it is necessary to choose appropriate allocation standards for each factor.
- Organize the circulation of documents related to management accounting of production costs and product prices in a scientific, reasonable manner, suitable to the characteristics and management requirements of each enterprise. This is one of the two important contents of the document method, it creates conditions for related departments and responsibility centers to check and control costs and product prices. In addition, enterprises need to clearly specify the circulation time in each related department.
- Organize and store documents according to regulations and scientifically, such as clearly defining the classification process, packaging synthesis, preservation, and storage period.
3.2.4. Building and perfecting the system of technical economic norms and making production cost estimates and planned prices in enterprises in the plant seed industry.
3.2.4.1. Perfecting production cost norms
Establishing cost norms is necessary because it is an indispensable part of the cost estimates of enterprises, serving the requirements of strictly managing input resources, checking and controlling production costs, product prices and preventing negative phenomena and waste of resources in enterprises in the Vietnamese plant seed industry.
Building a system of norms and checking the implementation of norms is a measure to encourage workers to try to perform assigned work with the set norms on product quality, saving compared to the norms if it is cost, comparing and analyzing between norms and implementation will help managers find the cause to make timely and reasonable business decisions.
Establishing accurate standards requires a team of technically qualified technical staff combined with a cost accounting department with adequate qualifications.
implementation level. Calculating data series for building standards requires consideration and calculation in many product production periods, in many different conditions of soil, climate, cultivation customs and practices, and different plans.
Direct material cost standards
To calculate the direct material cost standard, it is necessary to calculate the price standard and the material consumption standard.
The standard amount of raw materials for a product is usually calculated by an experienced engineer or technician of the enterprise based on technology, production process and production conditions, taking into account allowable loss and quantifying the level of damage within allowable limits. For example, plant seeds have a germination rate of about 85-90%.
Standard quantity of raw materials for a product unit
Amount of raw materials needed
= to produce + a product
Allowable loss
Consumption level
product loss
+ broken in definition
level
(3.4)
The price of a unit of raw material is determined by the purchase price plus the cost of purchasing raw materials. This price is determined by the technical staff in conjunction with the cost calculation staff of the accounting department. The direct material cost price will be calculated as follows:
Cost norms
=
raw materials
Quantitative standard
X
material
Raw material price standard
(3.5)
For example: Establishing the cost standard for direct materials for planting on 1,650m2 of hybrid rice production land at Thai Binh Seed Joint Stock Company: Table 3.5
Table 3.5: Direct material cost standards
TT
Category | Unit | Quantity | Main material | Auxiliary materials | |
1 | Alike | Kg | 25 | ||
2 | Manure | Dumbbell | 25 | ||
3 | Urea nitrogen | Kg | 30 | ||
4 | Superphosphate | Kg | 75 | ||
5 | Potassium | Kg | 30 | ||
6 | Lime powder | Kg | 125 | ||
7 | Plant protection drugs | m 2 | 1,650 | ||
Total |
Direct labor cost standards
To calculate the direct labor cost standard, it is necessary to calculate the direct labor price and the standard number of direct workers participating in the production of a production unit.
Direct labor cost standards include basic salary, salary allowances and other non-salary benefits that workers receive.
The standard amount of direct labor time to produce a unit of product is determined based on the product manufacturing technology and the technical level of the production stage. When the direct labor price and the standard amount of direct labor time are determined, the standard will be built.
Direct labor cost standard for a product
Labor rate
direct action for
= X
a unit of production
product
Direct labor price per unit of product
(3.6)
General production cost norms.
General production cost standards include variable cost standards and fixed cost standards.
The general variable production cost standard is built according to the price standard and the allowable time standard. The price standard reflects the variable cost of the unit cost price.
Allocated manufacturing overhead. The time standard reflects the number of operating hours selected as the basis for allocating manufacturing overhead to a unit of product.
After establishing appropriate cost norms, proceed to establish a total cost norm for a product unit.
The cost norm data for a product unit is the basis for making cost estimates later, and is the basis for controlling, operating and analyzing the business performance of the enterprise.
3.2.4.2. Develop production cost estimates
To build a plan, a lot of information must be used, the most important of which is the budget. The budget is a means of systematically reflecting all the goals of the enterprise and it is the basis for evaluating future implementation.
Estimating production and business costs is an indispensable task for the production and business plan of the enterprise. Through the preparation of cost estimates, we can set goals for products, production plans... that need to be achieved in the planning period and the steps that need to be taken to achieve those goals.
Compared with the concept of cost norms, the concept of cost estimates has a more comprehensive content. Cost norms create standard costs for a standard unit of work, while estimates are to determine in advance the total cost for a volume of work expected to be performed.
When making a cost estimate, the person making the estimate must first start from its function, which is to provide information to serve as a standard for cost control for managers. Therefore, when determining the scope of the estimate, it is necessary to pay attention to some of the following characteristics:
Enterprises in the plant seed industry can use analytical-calculation methods, practical observation methods, experimental methods or mixed methods to develop cost standards.
Based on the standard quantity determined with the price of each unit, we can determine the variable cost in the cost of raw materials and labor costs. It is the content in the detailed unit price for each product.