economic sector in rural areas. In our country, the agricultural labor force accounts for the majority of the total social labor force, but labor productivity is very low, life is difficult. Therefore, shifting the rural economic structure, gradually moving agricultural labor to the industrial and service sectors is urgent, thereby promoting the need to access modern technology and science.
– advanced technology in production, improving people's knowledge and rapidly increasing the number of intellectuals in rural areas, improving working conditions and the lives of farmers.
Based on the characteristics of the socio-economic situation in our country during the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country, shifting the economic structure, labor structure, promoting rural industrialization and modernization is the basic way to carry out the re-division of labor, socialize production, develop commodity economy, create more jobs, produce more products, increase income, stabilize and improve people's lives. Thereby, it has a positive impact on the development of industry and services of the national economy, making farmers "leave the fields but not leave the village", actively participate in rural economic activities.
Second, implement irrigation, electrification, mechanization, and biotechnology in agricultural production sectors.
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To develop a comprehensive agriculture, it is necessary to attach to the conditions to ensure the actual agricultural production such as irrigation, electrification, mechanization and biotechnology, contributing to promoting intensive farming, increasing crops, limiting natural disasters affecting production, and constantly improving the productivity and efficiency of agricultural production. However, this is a long-term process, first of all, it is necessary to gradually implement electrification and mechanization of appropriate stages and suitable for each ecological zone in rural areas.
Lessons learned from mechanization and electrification in Nanning (Nam Dinh) and Quynh Luu (Nghe An) in the early 80s of the 20th century show that modern science and technology are important conditions for the success of industrial development.
The industrialization of the rural economy must be appropriate to the level and skills of workers, the characteristics of fields and rural infrastructure, only then can the effectiveness of machinery and equipment be promoted, raising labor productivity.
In our country, the land is narrow and the population is dense, so the industrialization and modernization process needs to promote mechanization and electrification, focusing first on land preparation, care and harvesting, ensuring the seasonality and characteristics of agricultural production. Unlike many countries with developed economies, mechanization and electrification are implemented to free up labor from agriculture to industry and other economic sectors. Electrification and mechanization in agriculture in our country must aim to create many new occupations (mechanical manufacturing of production tools, milling, processing agricultural products, handicrafts, etc.), attract surplus labor in rural areas and increase income for workers, thereby transferring labor in agriculture to non-agricultural activities right in rural areas. This is a way of organizing production that is specific to the process of shifting the rural economic structure towards industrialization and modernization in our country, in accordance with the socio-economic characteristics in the current period.
Take advantage of natural conditions such as water power and favorable terrain to develop small and medium hydropower to serve production as well as people's daily life, gradually reducing the gap in enjoyment of material and spiritual life between rural residential areas.
Promote research and application of biological measures to create many crops and livestock with good varieties, high productivity, and adaptability to weather, climate and land conditions in the region.
Third, promote the development of agricultural, forestry and fishery processing industry with increasingly high technology, linked to raw material sources and linked with industry.
Urban industries thereby create changes in economic structure with a shift from agriculture to industry and services.
Processing industry plays an important role in rural industry, aiming to increase the value of agricultural products, especially for products with large quantities and widely consumed in the domestic and world markets such as rice, pork, coffee, tea, seafood, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to build and develop processing industry with various scales and appropriate technologies, combining traditional science with modern technology in rural areas, towns, and townships, linking with industry in urban areas and concentrated industrial zones, with the participation of many domestic and foreign economic sectors, ensuring the processing of most agricultural, forestry and fishery products of the regions, meeting the consumption needs of the people and constantly increasing the export value of agricultural products.
Fourth , promote the development of traditional occupations, craft villages and new occupations in rural areas.
Crafts and villages are a form of economic activity of farmers, formed and developed for a long time in rural Vietnam, playing an important role in the development of the socio-economy. The important thing is to develop crafts and villages in rural areas that do not require much capital investment, use the local labor force and have abundant raw materials, suitable for the capabilities of rural areas and farmers in our country.
In the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country in general, and the restructuring of the rural economy towards industrialization and modernization in particular, the economic activities of traditional industries and craft villages and the emergence of new industries today have a positive effect on the restructuring of the economy, creating many jobs and increasing income for workers, changing the face of the countryside towards becoming increasingly civilized and modern.
In our country's countryside, most of the occupations and craft villages are small-scale industries such as: ceramics, bronze casting, cast iron casting, blacksmithing, stone carving, wood carving, lacquerware, weaving, rattan, bamboo, garment making... Nowadays, under the influence of the market mechanism, many new occupations have appeared in the countryside, producing many consumer goods and export goods, raw materials for the processing industry, creating conditions for service activities in the countryside to develop, promptly meeting the production requirements of the rural economy and people's lives.
According to the calculations of our country's economic experts, the restoration of traditional occupations and craft villages and the emergence of new occupations will attract over 50% of regular workers and 20% of irregular workers from idle agricultural labor. From there, it will create conditions for many economic activities and related service activities to develop, serving rural production, contributing to increasing income for workers.
Products created by industries and craft villages have large domestic and foreign markets, attract many unskilled workers, create many jobs, contribute significantly to the economic, cultural and social development of the locality, and promote labor restructuring.
The requirement for developing industries and craft villages is to be associated with agricultural production, creating stable and sustainable development. However, it must depend on the characteristics, natural conditions, and infrastructure of each locality for production, both achieving economic and social goals and ensuring the ecological environment and preserving the traditional culture of the locality. These are important resources and conditions for stable and sustainable rural economic development.
Fifth , build economic and social infrastructure, gradually forming a civilized and modern new countryside.
Rural infrastructure includes the road system, power grid serving production, business, services and daily life of residents,
schools, medical stations, communication systems, irrigation, clean water supply systems and other technological facilities and socio-economic services.
Building economic and social infrastructure here is the process of creating material and technical premises to serve rural economic development, contributing to raising social management to a new level. At the same time, fundamentally changing the face of the countryside, bringing the countryside up to speed with the dynamism of the socialist-oriented market economy.
The history of human development shows that the transportation of goods and travel by transnational railway systems and communications marked a leap in the level of economic development from feudal society to capitalist society. Thanks to the inheritance and new development of economic and social infrastructure, the capitalist economy developed rapidly. Therefore, in the "Communist Manifesto" (1848), C. Marx and F. Engels assessed that the birth of capitalism in 100 years had created a mass of material wealth equal to all previous societies combined.
In our country's early stages of industrialization and modernization, rural areas play an important role in the accumulation process for development, contributing a large part to the total income of the national economy, meeting the consumption needs of the whole society, creating the basis for the development of economic sectors, especially industry and service activities. Therefore, focusing on investing in capital, human resources, science - technology, management, creating a great change for the rural economy is a matter of strategic significance for the revolution in the current period.
Sixth , economic restructuring must be associated with solving fundamental social problems, ensuring effective use of resources and protecting the ecological environment: such as creating jobs, eliminating hunger and reducing poverty, ensuring equality and social progress. Creating jobs and increasing income, eliminating hunger and reducing poverty are not
It is not only a social issue related to the right to work and social security, but also a fundamental economic issue related to the use of resources. Furthermore, if economic development does not ensure social justice and progress, or in other words, the cause and results of economic development are only focused on a certain group of people, it cannot be sustainable. Economic development needs to be associated with the economical and effective use of resources. This means that economic development and growth should not rely mainly on resource exploitation, export of raw materials and primary products, but should be associated with the process of reducing raw material and fuel consumption, reducing intermediate costs, increasing the proportion of non-material factors in product prices, increasing added value in products... In addition, economic development needs to be associated with protecting, nurturing and improving the ecological environment in the direction of: protecting forests and planting forests, protecting water resources, protecting aquatic resources, replacing traditional raw materials and fuels with new raw materials and fuels, innovating technology towards environmentally friendly production, and controlling pollution.
1.2.4 Indicators reflecting and factors affecting the shift in rural economic structure towards sustainable development.
1.2.4.1 Indicators reflecting the shift in rural economic structure.
Economic structure reflects both quantitative and qualitative proportional relationships between the components of the economy when assessing the process of economic restructuring. It is necessary to pay attention to both quantitative proportional relationships as well as analyze the qualitative changes (from the perspective of quantitative change) of those relationships. Moreover, in the process of analysis and evaluation, it is impossible not to pay attention to the specific characteristics of each type of economic structure (and also the economic structure by territory, the structure of economic components...) the basic criteria reflecting the transformation of the macroeconomic structure, including the GDP structure.
* GDP structure
Despite certain limitations, modern economic science has used GDP as one of the most general and popular measures to measure and evaluate the growth rate, status and structural transformation trends of the economy.
In assessing the process of economic restructuring, the GDP structure among economic sectors is one of the most important indicators reflecting the trend of movement and the level of success of industrialization. The percentage of GDP of primary sectors (agricultural, industrial and service sectors) is one of the first criteria often used to assess the process of economic restructuring. In the process of economic innovation and industrialization, this correlation has a general tendency that the agricultural sector has a decreasing proportion, while the non-agricultural sector (industry and services) is increasing. And in the conditions of modern science and technology, the service sector is becoming the sector with the highest proportion, followed by industry and finally agriculture.
In terms of macroeconomic sector structure and economic sector structure, another economic indicator that is often used is the GNP structure. The GNP indicator indicates that the annual added value produced belongs to an economy, while GDP is within that economy. However, the preference for the GDP structure is for developing and industrializing economies, because in general, the GDP scale here is often larger than GNP (because the FDI here is often larger than their investment abroad), the important thing is that the GDP scale reflects other aspects of the business environment more clearly and especially together with the GDP structure, the labor structure of the economy is also reflected more clearly. In which, the proportion and absolute number of agricultural workers gradually decrease, the proportion and absolute number of industrial workers gradually increase; the growth rate of labor in non-material production sectors (services) increases rapidly.
faster than the growth rate of labor in material production industries; the proportion of intellectual labor is increasing and dominates over simple labor.
* Labor structure working in the economy:
In the process of economic innovation and industrialization and modernization, the shift in industry structure is assessed through a very important indicator: how the structure of labor working in the economy is distributed to different production sectors. Economists highly appreciate the indicator of the structure of the labor force working in the economy, because from the perspective of macroeconomic analysis, the social labor structure is the indicator that most closely reflects the level of economic and social success of the industrialization and modernization process. Because industrialization, in its full sense, is not simply an increase in the value proportion of industrial production, but along with the increasing contribution to GDP of the industrial sector (currently, industry and services are based on modern technology), it must be a process of industrialization and modernization of human social life, in which the most important basis is the number of workers working in the non-agricultural sector accounting for an increasingly high proportion of the total labor force working in the economy.
Compared to the GDP structure, the labor structure by industry is highly appreciated and valued by economists because this indicator not only reflects more accurately the level of industrial social transformation of a country, but it is also less affected by external factors. In some economies, while the proportion of non-agricultural labor (especially in the industrial production sector) is still small, it accounts for a much larger proportion in the GDP structure. To explain this phenomenon, economists have pointed out the "distortion" of prices, especially in cases where there is a large price difference between industrial products and services compared to agricultural products.