Factors Affecting Tourism Development

Tourism also contributes to satisfying spiritual needs, improving the quality of life, restoring health, reproducing labor capacity and enhancing vitality for the people. To some extent, tourism has the effect of limiting diseases, prolonging life and enhancing human labor capacity. According to biomedical research works by Crivosev, Dorin (1981), thanks to optimal rest and travel, diseases of the population have decreased by an average of 30%. In particular, cardiovascular diseases have decreased by 50%, neurological diseases have decreased by 30%, digestive diseases have decreased by 20%. Some sanatoriums affirm that mineral water from these areas can cure tuberculosis, scurvy due to lack of Vitamin C, skin diseases, bleeding gums, etc.

In addition, tourism also has the effect of educating aesthetics, patriotism, and arousing national pride when directly exposed to the country's landscapes, cultural works, and historical relics. At the same time, tourism is a condition for people to get closer together, understand each other better, and increase community solidarity. For international relations, tourism is an opportunity to expand, consolidate, and tighten the friendly relations between countries in the world.

b. Economic function

Tourism has become a key economic sector of many countries in the world, playing an important role in increasing the economic growth rate of countries. According to UNWTO statistics, tourism income accounts for over 10% of the world's GDP [28]. Moreover, the income generated in the tourism industry is "double income", when developing a service facility, it will lead to the development of a series of other economic activities. According to "Economics of leisure and tourism" (John Tribe): Every USD spent by tourists will generate about 2 - 3 USD of increased income [28]. Tourism is also an economic sector that contributes significantly to government revenue through tax obligations. This is also an on-site export industry with many outstanding advantages, contributing significantly to foreign currency earnings and balancing the international balance of payments.

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Tourism is a comprehensive economic sector. Tourism development helps diversify and stimulate the development of other economic sectors: transportation, agriculture, industry, trade, etc. In addition, it also strengthens infrastructure and facilities.

Technology for the community. Create jobs, improve people's lives.

In an indirect aspect, tourism also affects a country's economy through restoring health, working capacity and ensuring the reproduction and expansion of the labor force with clear economic efficiency [19].

c . Ecological function

The ecological function of tourism is expressed through the creation of an ecologically stable living environment, helping people live in harmony with nature. The natural potential for tourism of the territory contributes to optimizing the interaction between people and the natural environment in the conditions of industrialization and urbanization.

Tourism contributes to the conservation and development of resources, helps to exploit beautiful spaces and natural landscapes better and more effectively; promotes research, discovery and recognition of new national parks and conservation areas, increases investment to enrich tourism spaces; increases the quantity and quality of natural resources.

Furthermore, tourism also raises people's awareness of the value of nature, changing attitudes and behaviors towards the natural environment.

d. Political function

Tourism as a factor to strengthen peace, promote international exchanges, and expand understanding between nations. International tourism makes people in different regions understand and come closer to each other. It is no coincidence that the theme of tourism given in 1967 was “Tourism – the passport to peace”.

1.1.3. Factors affecting tourism development

a. Geographical location

Geographical location is one of the important resources for tourism development. The significance of location for tourism development is reflected in its influence on the characteristics of some components of the geographical environment - climate, hydrological network, vegetation are the premise for the development of different types of tourism; many times it is the favorable location that decides the direction of tourism flows to a country or a region [9]. According to August Losch, for the main activities, the decisive factor

The location condition is that the tourist spot is located in a tourist development area and the distance from the tourist spot to tourist sources is short.

Geographical location includes territorial location and economic-political location. When analyzing, it is necessary to place it in the regional, national, regional and international context.

b. Tourism resources

TOURISM RESOURCES

Natural resources

Terrain

Climate

Hydrology

Creature

Cultural and historical relics

Human resources

People's Ceremony

festival

ethnology

Other Humanities

WORLD NATURAL HERITAGE WORLD CULTURAL HERITAGE

MIXED HERITAGE

Figure 1.3: Tourism resource classification diagram

(Source: Vietnam Tourism Geography)

* Natural resources

Natural tourism resources are objects and phenomena in the natural environment around us that have the attraction to develop tourism. Natural objects that need attention when studying tourism are: terrain, climate, hydrology, and biology.

According to the Law on Tourism (Article 13, Chapter II) : “Natural tourism resources include elements of terrain, geomorphology, climate, hydrology, ecosystems, and natural landscapes that can be used for tourism purposes”.

- Terrain: The shape of the land surface affects tourism with the attractiveness of natural landscapes, as well as the ability to build tourist facilities of different types. When analyzing the influence of terrain on tourism activities, people pay attention to two factors: terrain morphology and special terrain types.

IA Vedenin (1975) argued that areas with morphologically contrasting terrain types have more beautiful landscapes and are more highly valued for tourism. And in fact, relatively monotonous terrain types in appearance are less inspiring to tourists. Among the terrain types, mountainous areas have the greatest significance for tourism.

In addition to the main terrain types, the terrain types that are particularly significant for tourism that need attention are Karst terrain and coastal terrain. One of the most important Karst types for tourism is Karst caves. For coastal terrain, this is a type of resource that can be exploited for tourism development with many different purposes through criteria to evaluate the level of convenience of beaches for tourism development (length - width, fineness of sand, slope, clarity, salinity ...).

- Climate: For tourism activities, bio-climatic characteristics are of particular importance. The most important climatic indicators are air temperature and humidity. In addition, other biological criteria that are noted are wind, pressure, atmosphere, and sunlight. In addition, special weather phenomena that affect tourism plans should be noted. Each type of tourism requires different climatic conditions. In general, places with moderate climates are often preferred by tourists.

Climatic conditions also affect the seasonality of tourism. Depending on the climatic conditions, tourism activities can take place all year round or for a few months. Different localities have different tourist seasons.

In addition, weather conditions also affect the implementation of trips or tourism activities. Climate factors also indirectly affect tourism activities through affecting the durability of tourism resources, causing rapid weathering of works, historical and cultural relics and changing the appearance of natural landscapes.

- Hydrology: Water resources for tourism include surface water, underground water and mineral water. Of which, surface water resources are of the greatest significance. In addition, it is necessary to mention mineral water resources with special material components (chemical elements, gases, radioactive elements, etc.), or with certain physical properties.

(temperature, pH…) have effects on human health; this is a valuable resource for health and wellness tourism.

- Biological resources: Biological resources are a special type of valuable resource that creates beautiful and attractive natural landscapes to meet the needs of sightseeing, relaxation, entertainment, exploration and raising awareness for tourists. For some types of tourism such as eco-tourism, sightseeing, scientific research, biological resources are of special importance in terms of biodiversity, the conservation of valuable genetic resources characteristic of different natural regions in the world.

* Human resources

Human resources are objects and phenomena created by humans during their existence and have value to serve tourism needs. For tourism, people exploit the following human values: cultural and historical relics, festivals, ethnographic objects and other human values.

According to Article 13, Chapter II, Law on Tourism 2005: “Human resources include cultural traditions, cultural elements, creative works of human labor and other tangible and intangible cultural heritages that can be used for tourism purposes”.

- Cultural and historical relics:

In Vietnam, according to the Law on Cultural Heritage (2001): “Cultural heritage is construction works and relics, antiquities, and national treasures belonging to works and locations with historical, cultural, and scientific values”. Cultural heritage is divided into cultural-archaeological relics, historical relics, cultural and artistic relics, and scenic spots [19].

When evaluating this cultural object, it is necessary to pay attention to the following criteria: Total number of relics of all types in the territory; number of relics ranked nationally; density of relics per unit area [16]. Each indicator has a different meaning. The first indicator evaluates the number of relics, the last two indicators evaluate the quality of relics. These are important indicators to analyze the potential for exploitation and tourism development of cultural and historical relics.

- Festival

Festivals are a very diverse and rich form of cultural activities, a type of collective activity of the people after a hard working period, or towards an important event, reviewing traditions, resolving worries... Festivals are an important cultural element in social life, in each community, each ethnic group, each cultural feature contains its own characteristics, bringing breath into the life of that society. It is suitable for specific living conditions, it arises and is governed by forms, methods of labor, living conditions and natural environment.

Festivals consist of two parts: the ritual part and the festival part. The time of the festival is often different. Generally, it appears at the sacred moment of transition between seasons. To a certain extent, festivals also create the seasonality of tourism [17].

When analyzing the value of festivals for tourism, people often focus on the following criteria: Festival time (season, month), festival length; festival location; festival significance (local and national significance) and especially the ability to welcome visitors and do tourism business [16].

- Objects associated with ethnography

The mystery and uniqueness of ethnographic objects increasingly demonstrate their value to tourists on their journey to find, meet, and nurture those cultures, while “constantly searching for their own national identity”. Ethnographic objects that are meaningful to tourism are strange customs of residence, social organization, eating and living habits, ancient architecture, traditional features in residential planning and construction, ethnic costumes, etc.

When evaluating ethnic groups, the criteria of interest are: total population in the territory; ethnic groups and ethnic structure; characteristics of customs and practices of ethnic groups and the ability to form tourism types and products from that group [16].

- Other human resources

+ Craft villages: traditional craft villages are the quintessence of technology and techniques of a region expressed through distinctive products, lifestyles, and customs.

customs, cultural behavior of the community. Craft villages and traditional crafts have long been the subject of tourism activities, where people aim to explore, learn and contemplate the smooth combination of material and spiritual values in the most harmonious and vivid way.

+ Some other cultural objects also attract visitors for the purpose of sightseeing and research such as: centers of scientific institutes, large and famous libraries, cities with art exhibitions, centers that regularly organize music, theater, film festivals, international sports competitions, ballet performances, beauty contests... Cultural objects are often concentrated in capitals and large cities, so these cities naturally become cultural tourism centers of countries, regions and areas and are the core of tourist centers.

+ The economic achievements of a country or region also have special appeal to tourists…

c. Infrastructure

Infrastructure is the lever of all economic activities, for tourism, infrastructure plays a particularly important role, in which the network and means of transport stand out. In addition, the communication system, the electricity and water supply system are also an indispensable part, playing a role in directly serving tourism activities.

- Transport system: Tourism is associated with the movement of people, so it depends directly on transport. In this regard, the network and means of transport are the most important factors.

+ When evaluating the traffic network, it is necessary to pay attention to the following criteria: total route length, road density, and main routes.

+ The main means of transport are: road, rail, waterway, air. Each type of transport has its own characteristics, meeting the diverse needs of tourists.

- Communication system: ensures the exchange of domestic and international tourists through the exchange of social news streams. This issue is resolved.

The convenience of the communication network ensures smoothness in tourism business transactions, helping tourism activities become more popular and effective.

- Power system: Power plants, power grid structure, local power supply capacity for activities of tourist sites, zones, clusters, centers, the balance between power supply capacity and demand in the whole region... are of great significance, because its products directly serve the rest and entertainment of tourists. Tourism activities - an activity of enjoyment, rest, entertainment to reproduce labor, the demand for electricity is very large.

- Water supply and drainage system: Including water sources for daily life and tourism services. Water sources in infrastructure need to be noted in two aspects: water supply capacity, water quality and water supply system to meet tourism needs.

d. Economic - social - political factors

* Tourism development policies: Each country's policies are considered the guideline for all socio-economic activities of that country. For tourism, policies also clearly demonstrate their role. They can be the driving force for tourism development if properly oriented, developed in accordance with the law, bringing high socio-economic efficiency. On the contrary, it will hinder the development of this economic sector if the right policies are not built, there is no goodwill to create conditions to exploit the potential. Policies will be the basis for creating a clear and favorable legal corridor for tourism activities. From there, stimulate the exchange process, increase investment activities to develop tourism.

* Other socio-economic factors

There are also many other factors affecting tourism activities such as: the development of social production, peaceful and stable political situation, population and labor... all of these factors act as levers to promote rapid growth of tourism activities or to slow down the development of this economic sector.

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