Practice has proven that the role of psychological factors has a decisive influence on the development of athletes' techniques and tactics. Therefore, psychologists attach great importance to the study of athletes' psychology, and at the same time conduct a series of psychological training practices to ensure that athletes can develop their inherent technical level stably on the arena.
In recent years, research on the application of psychology and psychological training for athletes at all levels and in all sports has become a major trend in modern sports. Modern high-performance sports competition is not only a competition of physical capacity, skills, physical strength and intelligence of athletes, but also a competition of economics and science and technology of each country . Research on the training trends of modern sports in recent times shows that training for athletes has become a multi-faceted training, synthesizing many aspects of physical capacity, technique, physical recovery, psychological skills combined with nutrition and nutritional supplements, etc. At the same time, from the perspective of sports training, the sports level of an athlete is high or from good or bad sports performance, not only depends on whether the athlete has a large or small level of innate talent, but also has a team of researchers and sports coaches with high qualifications in the fields of sports training.
In short, today everyone acknowledges the role of psychology in social life. Psychological factors determine human activities in all areas of society.
In the field of modern sports, psychological scientists from countries such as Russia, Japan, China, Korea, the US... have considered the psychological factor to be a very important component of sports achievements. At the same time, when the level of athletes from different countries differs by a very small margin, the psychological factor will play a decisive role in the victory or defeat of the athlete.
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The effects of psychological training in sports.
The main effects of psychological training are: Promoting the continuous improvement of athletes' psychological processes, forming good individual psychology specific to specialized sports, achieving the necessary psychological energy reserves, making their psychological state adapt to the requirements of training and competition in order to achieve optimal competition state, building the foundation for high sports performance.
Many research works by sports psychologists Rudich, Punhi, Radiono, Vuong Tan Thang, Ma Khoi Vi, Pham Ngoc Vien have proven the effects of psychological training in sports, specifically expressed in the following aspects:
Promote the improvement of the athlete's mental process.
Sports psychology training helps develop and improve athletes' cognitive abilities. Improve the level of correct awareness of the relationship between training and competition, between individuals and groups, and at the same time can help improve athletes' ability to control emotions, handle the relationship between relaxation and stress, between success and failure. On the other hand, psychological training also helps athletes strengthen their will to overcome difficulties in any favorable or difficult competition conditions (subjective or objective), can persevere, strive, constantly overcome themselves, overcome opponents and win the final victory.
Promote the formation and development of characteristic individual psychological qualities.
We all know: individual psychological qualities determine human behavioral characteristics in sports competitions. Therefore, through psychological training, it will be possible to help foster good motivation and interest in athletes, form and develop personality and temperament suitable to the requirements of specialized sports, and improve the intellectual factor of specialized sports (Rudich, 1980; Punhi, 1984; Ilin, 1980; DgianvaRop, 1979...).
Promote the formation of appropriate mental state.
Psychological state is the most changeable psychological structure; It is a synthesis of psychological qualities and psychological abilities, which has a great influence on the movement process. Psychological training will help to foster the stability of the psychological process in athletes. Improve the functioning capacity of internal organs and the ability to regulate the thinking process, develop the ability to regulate and control one's psychological state during highly stressful activities. Form a psychological state suitable for participating in training and competition [Radionop (1973,1979), Ônhisenco, Gumenhinc (1979), Bryout J. Craty (1973) Rudich (1980), Trecnhicova,... [9].
Beneficial for strengthening and perfecting sports skills.
Through the close combination of psychological training and sports training, it is beneficial to achieve, consolidate and perfect sports skills. For example: Through motor symbol training and "self-suggestion" training, coaches can reproduce precise movement processes in the brain, which has a positive effect on strengthening techniques, thereby exploiting the multi-faceted inner potential of athletes, further improving training efficiency. (Datxkevich, Cheenhicova, Pham Ngoc Vien (1981), Vuong Tan Thang (2001)...).
Has the effect of eliminating and reducing fatigue, speeding up the recovery process.
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After intense training and competition, athletes easily experience mental fatigue.
Mental fatigue in athletes can be rapidly eliminated and reduced by using relaxation training, hypnosis, active rest and other recovery measures.
Practice has proven that when training with a large amount of movement, if you conduct psychological self-adjustment for 5 minutes, you can achieve remarkable results.
Overcome psychological barriers.
According to psychologists and coaches, psychological training also has the effect of developing and perfecting the psychological process of athletes; Cultivating good behavioral characteristics can improve intellectual psychological capacity, making the cognitive process more accurate and profound, some psychological obstacles in sports will be eliminated, thanks to which athletes can enter training and competition in a good psychological state and have a much more positive attitude.
1.2. Bad psychological states before sports competitions
1.2.1. Psychological characteristics of high-level Karatedo athletes
According to the psychological viewpoint on the systematization of the classification of sports by the Soviet psychologists (formerly) Dgiamazop, Punhi, Ma Khoi Vi, Karatedo belongs to the group of antagonistic sports based on skills. In these sports, athletes not only try to improve their efficiency but also have to resist and reduce the effectiveness of their opponents' actions, in stressful situations with limited time, so athletes of these sports need to have the following psychological qualities:
Have steadfast faith.
For athletes who want to achieve success in competition, it is extremely important that the athlete has absolute confidence, does not doubt his own strength; has a clear desire to wait for victory, can anticipate that he can develop his technical level or develop beyond the normal level, and can mobilize his greatest potential.
Firm belief comes from the accurate and comprehensive perception and analysis of the changes in strength, technique, and tactics of oneself and the opponent, and at the same time using one's physical and technical qualities as a material basis; If the necessary basis is lost or lacking, the athlete's confidence during the competition will decrease and the competition performance will be of poor quality.
Have good competitive spirit.
Athletes in these sports need to have better competitive emotions than athletes in other skill sports. “A high level of excitement and enthusiasm will be beneficial for forming an optimal psychological state. From there, the athlete’s own internal strength can be mobilized to overcome difficulties and achieve excellent results.” The positive effects of emotions can also directly affect confidence, attention, perception, thinking, and will. On the other hand, coaches can, through sensitive and sharp observation of the athlete’s inner world, use effective measures to adjust problems that athletes may encounter during competition.
Courage in battle.
Due to the nature of the competition, which requires fierce competition in sports with a large amount of muscle movement, athletes competing in sports in general and Karatedo in particular must face very strong physical impacts such as receiving direct attacks from opponents. A huge obstacle in competition for athletes is having to control the opponent's attacks, sometimes having to receive very heavy blows. Without the will, athletes will quickly lose their ability to compete and of course will not continue to compete or compete very passively.
When competing in sports, athletes often encounter a psychological state of fear of opponents; especially when facing strong opponents, athletes are often passive and cannot develop their technical, tactical and physical strength. On the contrary, athletes with good psychological qualities can take advantage of the same psychological fear in their opponents, have a sense of active attack, making themselves gain an advantage in morale, thereby winning. However, to achieve such a psychological state is not easy, athletes must undergo long-term training, accumulate experience through participating in many competitions with many different opponents. They have to go through winning, losing as well as training and rubbing to cultivate their spirit.
their courage and bravery. With athletes of equal skill, both sides are very tense in competition, the psychological pressure of wanting to win and fearing to lose always weighs heavily on them. On the stage, they show reserve, their movements are timid, more seriously, they can make their movements deformed. At this time, if any athlete is not under psychological pressure, shows moderate tension, and boldly applies techniques and tactics, they can easily win. When two strong people meet, the brave person will be the winner.
The quality of strong will.
According to psychological experts and coaches of sports: For athletes in direct competition such as sports, the quality of strong will must first overcome the difficult barrier of adjusting and controlling body weight; Especially for athletes in the small weight classes of these sports. In order to win in competition, sometimes it is necessary to control body weight for a long time or reduce weight to compete in a lower weight class. The problem of reducing body weight is a relatively difficult problem, often having to fight hunger and thirst, sometimes only being able to use mouthwash but not drinking if having to reduce weight, many athletes are easily irritable and upset; Sometimes feelings of jealousy and envy arise with athletes who eat normally. When competing, due to weight loss, they lack confidence because their physical strength has decreased significantly, they are easily tired, adding to the psychological burden, if they do not have strong mental qualities, they are very likely to fail in competition.
The strong will of athletes in this group of sports is also shown in the fierce and tense confrontation; especially in the key matches. Athletes in this group of sports can "win with one move" and can also "lose with one move". In this case, if someone has a strong will, it is easy to win, otherwise it is easy to lose.
Mental state before competition is relatively stable.
A stable psychological state before competition can ensure that athletes of all sports have an objective and calm thinking process for competitions. Athletes can look straight at the reality of competition, integrate the tense competition into their calm and clear thinking to be able to carry out the motto "underestimate the opponent in strategy, respect the opponent in tactics".
According to psychologists and coaches of the sports: in the sports, the round-robin or knockout competition mode is often used. The draw arrangement in the knockout competition often appears in the empty circle, if the athlete gets into the empty circle or avoids a strong opponent, he will feel lucky, without having to compete, he will get into the next round. As for the athlete who does not get into the empty circle or meets a strong opponent, he often feels a bit dizzy and feels "unlucky", some athletes even blame the draw coach for bringing them disadvantages, these emotions will directly affect the competition results.
Through education and psychological training, this weakness can be overcome to achieve a calm psychological state in dealing with the problem of drawing lots. [1], [10], [72], [73], [74], [78].
1.2.2. The concept of bad mental state before sports competition
According to domestic and foreign sports psychology scholars such as Rudich (Russia), Meyer and Meyer Verlag (Germany), Ma Khoi Vi, Truong Luc Vi, Vuong Tan Thang (China), Nguyen Toan, Pham Ngoc Vien (Vietnam), a bad psychological state before a sports competition is defined as follows: A bad psychological state before a sports competition is a psychological state that creates physiological reactions in the body such as changes in pulse, blood pressure, skin temperature, hand tremors and activities of the endocrine and nervous systems such as frequent urination, difficulty sleeping, etc.; Thereby consuming body energy and reducing standard.
accuracy of technical activities in competition, reducing competition efficiency [57], [72], [74].
According to psychological scholars, there are three basic states of bad mental state before competition:
Feverish mental state. Apathy.
Non-discriminatory state.
1.2.3. Typical manifestations of bad mental state
Characteristic manifestations of febrile psychosis.
An athlete with a feverish mental state before competition often has the following symptoms:
Common external manifestations: Rosy complexion, restlessness, lack of concentration.
Checking the athlete's skin temperature showed a significant increase in temperature of 1 o - 1.3 o .
Pulse increases from 15 to 30 times/1 minute, systolic and diastolic blood pressure both increase from about 15 to 20 mmHg.
The tremor of the hands increases gradually, often reaching 8 to 10 mm. The athlete falls asleep slowly or even has insomnia.
Frequent urination can be every 5-10 minutes.
In addition, athletes also have manifestations of rapid speech and unclear expression...
Basic manifestations of apathy.
Athletes with an indifferent mental state are often athletes who cannot determine the right purpose and motivation for competing, or when encountering a competitor who is too strong, they become discouraged and do not want to compete, or when encountering an athlete with a much lower level, they become subjective and are not ready to prepare for the competition.