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APPENDIX
Appendix 1: SUCCESSFUL PROJECT ON GYPSUM MINING IN LAOS OF ECONOMIC COOPERATION CORPORATION
Project name: Gypsum Mining Project Project licensing year: 2005
Total registered investment capital: 983,220 USD
Investment industry: Gypsum mining for export
Investment location: Na Don Village, Tha Khec District, Khammouane Province,
Lao PDR
Project life: 30-year investment contract signed with the Lao State
In 2003, the Economic Cooperation Company (parent company) implemented the policy of investing in developing and exploiting raw materials in Laos to serve production in Vietnam. At that time, the board of directors determined the investment target in the field of gypsum exploitation, exporting to Vietnam to serve the cement industry.
* Project investment process is as follows:
Learn about the project: The Economic Cooperation Corporation through the representative of the Corporation in Thakhek town, Khammouane province to access the project information, after grasping the preliminary information about the project, the Corporation organized its own survey, assessed the reserves of the Gypsum mine expected to invest, and brought USD through the border gate to conduct the survey. When the project was approved by the Ministry of Planning and Investment, the Economic Cooperation Corporation directly requested a quota to import machinery, equipment, and materials to implement the project through the Lao Ministry of Commerce. The procedures on the Lao side are basically favorable if the company has the cost of relations with the border gate and functional agencies.
There are still many inconsistencies in the export of machinery, equipment and materials. For example, Vietnam Customs does not allow temporary export and re-import dossiers to be processed immediately without compensation, the time for checking goods and equipment is suddenly stopped without reason, officers are assigned to inspect, customs clearance procedures change in a shipment... leading to delays in customs clearance, loss of transportation costs, and warehouse rental costs for businesses.
The procedure for residence in Laos is difficult because the Lao police do not issue residence cards according to the investment contract but only issue residence permits for a period of 1 year; the residence fee is 10 USD/month equivalent to 120 USD/year. The staff managing foreign workers regularly inspects the workers of the enterprise working at the project. Violations of labor laws and local regulations will be fined and reformed, so the enterprise must comply well. The enterprise has repeatedly requested the labor management agency in Laos to issue permits for Vietnamese workers to work at the project according to the "Hanoi agreement" but has not been accepted.
The total registered investment capital for the project was not fully provided by the Economic Cooperation Corporation until 2009, reaching 983,220 USD. The form of funding is implemented as follows: The mineral development company applies for funding directly in Vietnam and the company brings the money to Laos to invest in the project.
* Project exploitation process:
The mining and business activities of the Mineral Development Company (hereinafter referred to as COECCO.M) in 2005 and 2006 faced many difficulties because this was a new field, the company lacked experience in operating abroad, had a small market share, and high fixed costs. However, since 2007, the project has exploited many advantages such as low mining and transportation costs to Vietnam, a large network of partners, and guaranteed financial capacity, thereby increasing economic efficiency.
Production and business results in the period 2007-2010
Category
Unit of measure | 2007 | Year 2008 | Year 2009 | 2010 | |
Revenue | USD | 1,388,112 | 2,200,663 | 4,021,311 | 3,146,444 |
Profit | USD | 70,605 | 77,396 | 307,738 | 202,276 |
Taxes paid in Vietnam | USD | 158,800 | 240,345 | 472,453 | 364,983 |
Output | |||||
Gypsum imported to Vietnam | Ton | 62,916 | 84,957 | 73,307 | 98,057 |
Male | |||||
Labor | People | 47 | 52 | 55 | 60 |
Average Lao labor | People | 6 | 8 | 12 | 15 |
Vietnamese workers | People | 41 | 44 | 43 | 45 |
Maybe you are interested!
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Research on developing direct investment of Vietnamese enterprises in the technology sector in Lao PDR - 4 -
Identify Rating Levels and Rating Scales
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of the islanders. Therefore, this indicator will be divided into two sub-indicators:
a1. Natural tourism attractiveness a2. Cultural tourism attractiveness
b. Tourist capacity
The two island communes in Quan Lan have different capacities to receive tourists. Minh Chau Commune is home to many standard hotels and resorts, attracting high-income domestic and international tourists. Meanwhile, Quan Lan Commune has many motels mainly built and operated by local people, so the scale and quality are not high, and will be suitable for ordinary tourists such as students.
c. Time of exploitation of Quan Lan Island Commune:
Quan Lan tourism is seasonal due to weather and climate conditions and festivals only take place on certain days of the year, specifically in spring. In Quan Lan commune, the period from April to June and from September to November is considered the best time to visit Quan Lan because the cultural tourism activities are mainly associated with festivals taking place during this time.
Minh Chau island commune:
Tourism exploitation time is all year round, because this is a place with a number of tourist attractions with diverse ecosystems such as Bai Tu Long National Park Research Center, Tram forest, Turtle Laying Beach, so besides coming to the beach for tourism and vacation in the summer, Minh Chau will attract research groups to come for tourism combined with research at other times of the year.
d. Sustainability
The sustainability of ecotourism sites in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes depends on the sensitivity of the ecosystems to climate changes.
landscape. In general, these tourist destinations have a fairly high level of sustainability, because they are natural ecosystems, planned and protected. However, if a large number of tourists gather at certain times, it can exceed the carrying capacity and affect the sustainability of the environment (polluted beaches, damaged trees, animals moving away from their habitats, etc.), then the sustainability of the above ecosystems (natural ecosystems, human ecosystems) will also be affected and become less sustainable.
e. Location and accessibility
Both island communes have ports to take tourists to visit from Van Don wharf:
- Quan Lan – Van Don traffic route:
Phuc Thinh – Viet Anh high-speed boat and Quang Minh high-speed boat, depart at 8am and 2pm from Van Don to Quan Lan, and at 7am and 1pm from Quan Lan to Van Don. There are also wooden boats departing at 7am and 1pm.
- Van Don - Minh Chau traffic route:
Chung Huong high-speed train, Minh Chau train, morning 7:30 and afternoon 13:30 from Van Don to Minh Chau, morning 6:30 and afternoon 13:00 from Minh Chau to Van Don.
f. Infrastructure
Despite receiving investment attention, the issue of infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism on Quan Lan Island is still an issue that needs to be resolved because it has a direct impact on the implementation of ecotourism activities. The minimum conditions for serving tourists such as accommodation, electricity, water, communication, especially medical services, and security work need to be given top priority. Ecotourism spots in Minh Chau commune are assessed to have better infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism because there are quite complete and synchronous conditions for serving tourists, meeting many needs of domestic and foreign tourists.
3.2.1.4. Determine assessment levels and assessment scales
Corresponding to the levels of each criterion, the index is the score of those levels in the order of 4, 3, 2, 1 decreasing according to the standard of each level: very attractive (4), attractive (3), average (2), less attractive (1).
3.2.1.5. Determining the coefficients of the criteria
For the assessment of DLST in the two communes of Quan Lan and Minh Chau islands, the students added evaluation coefficients to show the importance of the criteria and indicators as follows:
Coefficient 3 with criteria: Attractiveness, Exploitation time. These are the 2 most important criteria for attracting tourists to tourism in general and eco-tourism in particular, so they have the highest coefficient.
Coefficient 2 with criteria: Capacity, Infrastructure, Location and accessibility . Because the assessment area is an island commune of Van Don district, the above criteria are selected by the author with appropriate coefficients at the average level.
Coefficient 1 with criteria: Sustainability. Quan Lan has natural and human-made ecotourism sites, with high biodiversity and little impact from local human factors. Most of the ecotourism sites are still wild, so they are highly sustainable.
3.2.1.6. Results of DLST assessment on Quan Lan island
a. Assessment of the potential for natural tourism development
For Minh Chau commune:
+ Natural tourism attractiveness is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined as average (2 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of Capacity criterion is 2 x 2 = 4.
+ Exploitation time is long (4 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Exploitation time criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is assessed as good (3 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 3 x 2 = 6 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Minh Chau commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 4 + 12 + 4 + 4 + 6 = 42 points
Similar assessment for Quan Lan commune, we have the following table:
Table 3.3: Assessment of the potential for natural ecotourism development in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of self-tourismof course
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
CommuneMinh Chau
12
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
42/52
Quan CommuneLan
6
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
33/52
b. Assessment of the potential for humanistic tourism development
For Quan Lan commune:
+ The attractiveness of human tourism is determined to be very attractive (4 points) and the most important coefficient (coefficient 3), so the score of the Attractiveness criterion is 4 x 3 = 12.
+ Capacity is determined to be large (3 points) and the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Capacity criterion is 3 x 2 = 6.
+ Mining time is average (3 points), the most important coefficient (coefficient 3) so the score of the Mining time criterion is 3 x 3 = 9.
+ Sustainability is determined as sustainable (4 points), the important coefficient is the average coefficient (coefficient 1), so the score of the Sustainability criterion is 4 x 1 = 4 points.
+ Location and accessibility are determined to be quite favorable (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), the criterion score is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
+ Infrastructure is rated as average (2 points), the coefficient is quite important (coefficient 2), then the score of the Infrastructure criterion is 2 x 2 = 4 points.
The total score for evaluating DLST in Quan Lan commune according to 6 evaluation criteria is determined as: 12 + 6 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 36 points.
Similar assessment with Minh Chau commune we have the following table:
Table 3.4: Assessment of the potential for developing humanistic eco-tourism in Quan Lan and Minh Chau communes
Attractiveness of human tourismliterature
Capacity
Mining time
Sustainability
Location and accessibility
Infrastructure
Result
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Point
DarkMulti
Quan CommuneLan
12
12
6
8
9
12
4
4
4
8
4
8
39/52
Minh CommuneChau
6
12
4
8
12
12
4
4
4
8
6
8
36/52
Basically, both Minh Chau and Quan Lan localities have quite favorable conditions for developing ecotourism. However, Quan Lan commune has more advantages to develop ecotourism in a humanistic direction, because this is an area with many famous historical relics such as Quan Lan Communal House, Quan Lan Pagoda, Temple worshiping the hero Tran Khanh Du, ... along with local festivals held annually such as the wind praying ceremony (March 15), Quan Lan festival (June 10-19); due to its location near the port and long exploitation time, the beaches in Quan Lan commune (especially Quan Lan beach) are no longer hygienic and clean to ensure the needs of tourists coming to relax and swim; this is also an area with many beautiful landscapes such as Got Beo wind pass, Ong Phong head, Voi Voi cave, but the ability to access these places is still very limited (dirt hill road, lots of gravel and rocks), especially during rainy and windy times; In addition, other natural resources such as mangrove forests and sea worms have not been really exploited for tourism purposes and ecotourism development. On the contrary, Minh Chau commune has more advantages in developing ecotourism in the direction of natural tourism, this is an area with diverse ecosystems such as at Rua De Beach, Bai Tu Long National Park Conservation Center...; Minh Chau beach is highly appreciated for its natural beauty and cleanliness, ranked in the top ten most beautiful beaches in Vietnam; Minh Chau commune is also home to Tram forest with a large area and a purity of up to 90%, suitable for building bridges through the forest (a very effective type of natural ecotourism currently applied by many countries) for tourists to sightsee, as well as for the purpose of studying and researching.
Figure 3.1: Thenmala Forest Bridge (India) Source: https://www.thenmalaecotourism.com/(August 21, 2019)
3.2.2. Using SWOT matrix to evaluate Quan Lan island tourism
General assessment of current tourism activities of Quan Lan island is shown through the following SWOT matrix:
Table 3.5: SWOT matrix evaluating tourism activities on Quan Lan island
Internal agent
Strengths- There is a lot of potential for tourism development, especially natural ecotourism and humanistic ecotourism.- The unskilled labor force is relatively abundant.- resource environmentunpolluted, still
Weaknesses- Poorly developed infrastructure, especially traffic routes to tourist destinations on the island.- The team of professional staff is still weak.- Tourism products in general
quite wild, originalintact
general and DLST in particularalone is monotonous.
External agents
Opportunity- Tourism is a key industry in the socio-economic development strategy of the province and Van Don economic zone.- Quan Lan was selected as a pilot area for eco-tourism development within the framework of the green growth project between Quang Ninh province and the Japanese organization JICA.- The flow of tourists and especially ecotourism in the world tends toincreasing
Challenge- Weather and climate change abnormally.- Competition in tourism products is increasingly fierce, especially with other localities in the province such as Ha Long, Mong Cai...- Awareness of tourists, especially domestic tourists, about ecotourism and nature conservation is not high.
Through summary analysis using SWOT matrix we see that:
To exploit strengths and take advantage of opportunities, it is necessary to:
- Diversify products and service types (build more tourism routes aimed at specific needs of tourists: experiential tourism immersed in nature, spiritual cultural tourism...)
- Effective exploitation of resources and differentiated products (natural resources and human resources)
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Overview of Research on Factors Affecting the Linkage of Small and Medium Enterprises with Enterprises with Direct Investment Capital -
Attracting foreign direct investment in the Lao People's Democratic Republic - 1 -
Attracting foreign direct investment in real estate sector in Hanoi - 13
Source: Statistics of the General Corporation for Economic Cooperation
During the process of production and business operations, COECCO.M also encountered some difficulties such as not being able to establish a sales branch in Vietnam, selling mainly through the Economic Cooperation Corporation, so it was not proactive; money transfer activities to Laos had many difficulties because banking services in that country were not yet developed, and money transfer regulations were unclear.
Currently, in addition to exploiting gypsum for export to Vietnam, COECCO.M is seeking and researching a number of investment opportunities to exploit other minerals such as copper, potassium salt, and gold in neighboring provinces to develop its business and implement a sustainable development strategy.
The issues raised:
1. Sales activities: COECCO.M signed a contract to buy and sell gypsum with the Economic Cooperation Company. The products were imported to the warehouse in Huong Khe, Ha Tinh and from there distributed for consumption. In essence, all stages of export, import and sales were carried out by COECCO.M. Only thanks to the legal status of
Economic Cooperation Corporation. Economic Cooperation Corporation is a sales intermediary for COECCO.M.
2. The method of bringing money to Laos to pay for project investment costs and regular production costs is to carry USD through border gates, not to transfer money from Vietnam to Laos. The reason is that the international money transfer service system in Laos is only concentrated in big cities such as Pakse and the capital Vientiane, small localities such as Thakhek town have not met the foreign currency payment source, have not converted foreign currency from Dong to Kip, and transaction costs are high.
3. Periodic reporting activities to Vietnamese and Lao State agencies on COECCO.M's activities are passive, usually reporting only when requested, not periodically. On the other hand, the activities of updating OFDI management information of the Vietnamese State are still patchy, COECCO.M does not proactively search for and research OFDI management documents in Laos of the Vietnamese State.
4. COECCO.M's policy is to increase the number of Lao workers working at the project. Currently, the company is hiring Lao workers on a monthly basis (4 drivers) to transport products. The other 11 Lao workers are contract workers who work on a unit price basis, paid weekly. COECCO.M does not pay insurance for Lao workers. However, Lao workers work arbitrarily, only undertaking simple tasks.
5. During the period 2006-2008, COECCO.M leaders worked and requested (actually bought) data from the Lao Mining Department to select investment opportunities. However, the data provided by the Lao Mining Department was unreliable, and the assessment of mineral quality and reserves was not detailed. In 2009 and 2010, COECCO.M invested over 6 billion VND in mineral surveys in Laos. Although the initial mineral survey and investigation took a long time and cost a lot of money, COECCO.M assessed it as more effective than requesting data from the Lao Mining Department.