Parental violence against minors

7. Research methods

7.1. Method of researching texts and theoretical documents

- Analyze theoretical documents and practical studies to build

Theoretical basis and research method development for the topic.

7.2. Questionnaire survey method

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- Design questionnaires based on indicators of violent behavior: manifestations, motives, emotions...; combine closed and open questions.

7.3. Conversational interview method

- Based on the questionnaire survey, identify typical subjects for in-depth interviews, clarifying issues that cannot be clarified by the questionnaire survey.

7.4. Observation method

- Supplementing the questionnaire investigation method, contributing to solving the task of the topic better on the basis of observing the expressions of emotions, feelings and behaviors of parents/teenagers when children participate in answering questions about parents' violent behavior towards their teenage children.

7.6. Group discussion method

- Helps clarify research issues and clarify controversial issues.

7.7. Mathematical Statistics Methods.

Using EPI6 and SPSS data processing software to process research results to obtain some quantitative documents.

8. Structure of the Thesis

In addition to the introduction, conclusion and recommendations; the thesis includes the following main parts: Chapter 1: Theoretical basis

Chapter 2: Research organization and methods Chapter 3: Research results

CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL BASIS

1.1. A brief overview of the history of research on the issue

1.1.1.Research abroad

The issue of educating children in general and the issue of using forms of punishment in educating children in particular are always of interest to researchers. This is an issue that is mentioned quite a lot in the research works of scientists in many fields such as psychology, education, pedagogy, sociology... in the country and abroad.

Violence against children is a widespread phenomenon on a global scale. In the United States in 2000, public authorities received more than 3 million reports of child abuse or neglect. This means that one in every 25 children was reported to have been abused. One study found that 10 million children in the United States experience domestic violence each year (Carter et al., 1999) [cited 5].

Kohn's research confirmed that mothers from privileged environments valued children's self-control, while mothers from informal environments valued cleanliness, order, independence, and their conception of parental values. There was a deep correlation with their way of educating their children [36, pp. 25-26].

Research by Parsons, Wallon, Bowbly and Lacnan suggests that: family is the first social environment that each child - each person is exposed to. In the family, the mother is the one who gives the child a sense of security, while the father is the one who sets the principles, standards, and is the image of strength and power. Parental education is an agent that can restrain and adjust children's disorders, but can also increase the disorders if there is no appropriate education method [38, pp. 9-13].

Bronfenbrenner (1958) sought to explain the differences in parental education as being largely dependent on the knowledge and educational skills they received from their social class [cited in 44].

Pourtois (1983) further emphasized the influence of parents' educational level and the child's birth order on the parents' educational methods [cited in 44].

Research by psychologist TAGavrinlova (1984) suggests that conflicts in the relationship between parents and adolescents often lie in issues of clothing, dressing, friends, entertainment... those differences are quite clear. This conflict is one of the basic reasons why parents have to use words that hurt their children, punish or overprotect their children, which, according to them, all of these things cause children to feel disrespected and controlled [36, p. 30].

There is a work that is talked about a lot in France, a study by Lautrey (1979). His research results show three ways of educating parents: soft, rigid and lax. He points out that: social environment variables and parents' personality traits greatly influence the way parents educate their children[32, p47].

A series of new studies recently presented at a Neuroscience conference held in New Orleans showed that: in the behavior and emotional relationships of family members, conflicts, disagreements, and fights... all "lead to biochemical consequences for brain development, especially in children in the early stages of their lives..."[32, p.9]

1.1.2. Studies in Vietnam

Children and the way to educate them is a topic of great interest, many authors have researched this issue.

Many non-governmental organizations in Vietnam such as UNICEF, Plan International have cooperated with the Committee for Population - Family and Children and many others.

Experts in the fields of social sciences have carried out many projects and organized many international conferences in Vietnam. The results of these studies and conferences show that child punishment in Vietnam is quite common. What is worrying is that Vietnamese people still consider it completely normal, an effective way to teach children without being aware of the negative aspects of this educational method.

VnEpress's investigation suggests that another family factor that influences children's criminal behavior is domestic violence. Domestic violence is manifested in parents beating each other (mainly husbands beating their wives) or in parents brutally beating their children, in some cases children assaulting their parents... As a result, weak children can withdraw, be afraid, not dare to communicate... gradually becoming children with psychological disorders (depression, slow development...); children can also learn violent behavior from their parents, some children who want to have authority can learn violent behavior from their parents to bully, fight each other, they can hate their parents extremely and even intend to take revenge by joining bad friends who specialize in fighting, stealing, becoming stubborn, not afraid of punishment from their parents and ready to react when not satisfied. Domestic violence not only harms children's development but also affects the quality of life and social order and security. Preventing violence and protecting family safety and happiness is considered the responsibility of the whole society, especially for the safety of children [cited in 44].

When referring to active listening skills between parents and children, author Pham Thanh Nghi said that “In the relationship between parents and children, most parents always put themselves in the position of superiors and the messages they send to their children are often orders, warnings, instructions, controls, advice, lectures, criticisms and even insults. These types of reactions put children in the position of passive listeners, withdrawn, fearful, or reacting harshly. At that time, parents

Mothers no longer have the opportunity to share and understand their children as active communicators to influence them in a positive and appropriate direction" [29]

- Master of Psychology Hoang Minh To Nga shared: "Through psychological counseling, I discovered many things wrong with the way adults raise their children". Life has changed so much, but many people still teach their children "exactly" in the way they were taught before. They "record" moral lessons in advance, waiting for the opportunity to play them to "lecture" without paying attention to listening. When parents are not "allies", children will share their lives with people outside the home and that is dangerous" [quoted in 44].

- At the National Conference on Child Abuse Prevention organized by the Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs in collaboration with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and Plan Organization on August 22, 2008, the report of the Department of Child Care and Protection (DCP) under the Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs said that from 2005 to 2007, the number of cases of child abuse and violence against children in families increased three times compared to before [cited in 45].

- Also according to the Department of Child Protection, 58.3% of children randomly surveyed in several provinces and cities said that they were often scolded, insulted, slapped, spanked... by adults when they made mistakes. The use of punishment and strict educational measures that are violent, both mentally and physically, in the family is still quite common. Many parents beat their children without knowing that it is an act of abuse [cited in 45].

- At the Youth and Adolescent Health Conference (Hanoi, June 30), many psychological experts said that in today's volatile, stressful and competitive society, children not only need to be physically healthy, but also need to be "nourished" mentally. Parents' harsh behavior will not only cause the family to lose its role as a "shock absorber" for their children, but also cause children to wither emotionally; at some point, they will reject their own parents [quoted in 45].

- Author Van Thi Kim Cuc in her research on "some ways of educating children in a group of parents in Hanoi" put forward the hypothesis and evidence

demonstrated the existence of many different parenting styles. At the same time, she also pointed out the psychological causes of these parenting styles such as: the parents' socio-cultural environment, parental identity, the child's gender, and the parents' expectations for the child's success.

According to Mr. Tran Ban Hung, director of the children's research program of the Swedish Children's Aid Organization, "the problem of physical punishment of children in Vietnam still occurs a lot up to this point. In 2005, a study by this organization showed that "more than 60% of children said that they were physically punished at home" [cited in 45]

Most parents do not consider corporal punishment of children a violation of the law, but rather a way of raising their children... Parents are still heavily influenced by the feudal ideology of the past, that whatever parents say, their children must do, children are like the property of their parents..."[quoted from 44]

According to Dr. Vo Van Nam, lecturer of the Psychology Department, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, in an interview with the press, parents should not use whips to punish their children under any circumstances, "Because when using whips, it means surrendering, being powerless to educate children. Moreover, the effect of using whips only creates people who are frighteningly cunning or pitifully cowardly, whips do not create a healthy personality [quoted in 44].

When a child avoids the tendency to be cowardly, he falls into a state of being intolerant and callous, and such children will not feel pain on their own body, let alone be able to feel pain on the body of others. When they grow up, they will trample on others to move forward.

Those people will not benefit the community nor themselves. Because of tradition, habit, and misunderstanding of the meaning of the old fathers "love your children, give them whips, hate your children, give them sweets", meaning there is

Sometimes tolerant, sometimes resolute, having to be strict, parents have abused "the rod and spanking" to teach their children.

According to psychologist Do Ngoc Khanh, who is currently working directly with street children in Hanoi, using violence to educate children will leave unpredictable consequences. “I work with street children and see that most of them leave home and wander around to make a living because they are treated violently in their families. This is a consequence that proves that when punished like that, it leads to them having very high levels of illegal behavior.”

Since 2003, UNICEF, together with the Committee for Population, Family and Children, the Swedish Children's Fund and Plan International, have conducted a number of studies to assess the level of violence and child abuse in Vietnam. In 2003, a study conducted on 2,800 participants (mainly children) in three provinces of An Giang, Lao Cai and Hanoi in 2003 showed that corporal punishment (beating) was a common form of violence in the family and school, other forms of violence such as verbal abuse, bullying and witnessing domestic violence were also quite common. There were many cases of sexual abuse mentioned in the report, especially the habit of adults touching the penis of boys [45].

- Author Le Thi in the article "Building a suitable relationship between parents and children" also mentioned the psychological causes leading to conflicts between parents and children as well as the use of punitive measures by parents to discipline and educate their children. That is "selfish individualism, the competitive nature in each person"; "authoritarianism"... Taking the right to be a parent, parents often "assume that they have the ultimate decision-making power, forcing their children to obey them because they gave birth to them, worked hard to raise them, and educated them. They assume that they have the right to punish or beat their children and often look down on their children. When they are wrong, because of their pride and personal dignity, they do not want to learn from their mistakes..." [45]

- Author Le Thi in "The art of behavior between parents and children..." pointed out the causes and social psychological factors that affect the way parents educate their children. One of the causes that she emphasized was the level of knowledge of parents compared to their children and the inferiority complex, conservative mentality, looking down on children, always overemphasizing the role of experience and thinking that "eggs" cannot be "smarter than ducks" [quoted in 45].

- Author Mai Thi Kim Thanh in the study on "behavior between family members and mental health care for children" pointed out a few psychological causes that influence the way of educating children in general and the form of punishment of children by parents. Those are causes such as: Confucian traditions and Confucian thoughts are still deeply ingrained in the consciousness of every Vietnamese person. It is the patriarchal and authoritarian nature in the behavior of adults towards children. It is the limitation in parents' awareness: about the psychological characteristics of age, about

rights and obligations of children, on the law on child protection, care and education, on

The influence of educational forms on the formation of children's personality...[cited in 37]

Research by the Youth Research Institute concluded that “children are the main victims and also the cause of many cases of domestic violence”. The results of a survey of children conducted in 1998 by Dang Canh Khanh and Nguyen Van Buom interviewed children about the form of punishment their parents used on their children. Among the children interviewed, 90.52% said that their parents often beat them when they made mistakes, of which 25.6% beat and scolded them at the same time, and 64.92% beat them painfully. According to this report, 45% of the children said that they were unjustly punished, 72.08% said that they were very sad when they were punished, and 27.92% said that they were very angry with their parents. “Physical injuries, although painful, will be erased by time, but mental injuries and psychological injuries are not easily forgotten by children [quoted from 35]

Parental violence against minors - 2

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