On the Role of Forming and Expressing Public Opinion

“Thanks to newspapers and radio, I know a lot of information about children’s rights. But if you ask me which channel, form, and source is better, I don’t know. I follow many types of information and also learn from other people’s experiences. It’s difficult. I usually follow things that are close to my life. It’s too new, I’m not familiar with this right or that right” (IDI, female, public, trader, 45 years old, finished junior high school).

In summary, the public highly appreciates the role of information, propaganda, and education in implementing children's rights of Binh Phuoc People's Committee among the roles. People's Committee in Binh Phuoc has provided the public with useful information, practical and close knowledge about children's rights. However, the public has only basically satisfied the need for information about children's rights and the level of application in real life is not high. People's Committee provides information, propaganda, and education to help the public have the right awareness and attitude about children's rights. However, awareness and attitude about children's rights are still limited, incomplete and not comprehensive, it is difficult to know which media channel brings the best awareness and attitude to the public in Binh Phuoc.

3.3.2. On the role of forming and expressing public opinion

Information from the media forms public opinion thanks to the public and it is also thanks to the public that the media has information to express public opinion. Although the public does not rate it as highly as other roles, it is still at a relatively good level (16.6% good and 42.9% fair).

Table 3.14. Results of the survey on the opinions of adult public on the role of forming and expressing public opinion in implementing children's rights of mass media in Binh Phuoc province

Good	Rather	Medium	Weak	Total
1. Binh Phuoc Newspaper	Quantity	104	158	106	16	384
1. Binh Phuoc Newspaper	Proportion	27.1	41.1	27.6	4.2	100.0
2. Radio and Television Binh Phuoc image	Quantity	134	173	122	14	443
2. Radio and Television Binh Phuoc image	Proportion	30.2	39.1	27.5	3.2	100.0
3. District level radio	Quantity	103	134	99	12	348
3. District level radio	Proportion	29.6	38.5	28.4	3.4	100.0
4. Binh Phuoc Electronic Newspaper	Quantity	73	76	38	3	190
4. Binh Phuoc Electronic Newspaper	Proportion	38.4	40.0	20.0	1.6	100.0

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Table 3.14 above shows that the role of forming and expressing public opinion on the implementation of children's rights of Binh Phuoc Electronic Newspaper is rated highest by the public (good at 38.5%; fair at 40.1%); second is Binh Phuoc Radio and Television Station; third is district-level radio; lowest is Binh Phuoc Printed Newspaper.

The public's assessment is different from the results of empirical research on the content of communication messages and the assessment of communication staff. This comes from the public's assessment criteria, through the quality of content, form and knowledge, experience and life experience of each person. There is no difference between different public groups in assessing the role of Binh Phuoc's mass media in forming and expressing public opinion on the implementation of children's rights. However, this result shows that the public has had quite positive recognition of the role of Binh Phuoc's mass media in forming and expressing public opinion on the implementation of children's rights, although in reality this role has not been well performed by the mass media.

TTDC publicly reports cases of violations of children's rights so that the public knows, condemns, and requests that the authorities bring them to light, handle them promptly and legally, and at the same time help organizations and individuals adjust and correct their own violations; limit and prevent similar acts. Public opinion has great power, in many cases it helps managers adjust policies and social relationships, educate, supervise, advise, criticize, and relieve psychological and social stress.

The case of Nguyen Thi Hao mentioned above, if there is no involvement of the media, strong condemnation and serious handling by public opinion, the case will hardly be resolved quickly. Public opinion is moved and saddened for the child:

Mr. Nguyen Trong An - Deputy Director of the Department of Child Protection and Care - Ministry of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs was very upset when he heard the news about Hao. He hopes that similar cases like Hao's will not happen again. To achieve that, according to him, all sectors need to get involved in doing a good job of promoting child care and protection and, most importantly, have measures to prevent child abuse. "Don't wait until the cow is gone to build a barn" [105].

Mr. Ta Van Khoi - Deputy Secretary of the Provincial Youth Union - Chairman of the Young Pioneers Council, knowing the information from Binh Phuoc Newspaper, visited, gave gifts to the child and reacted: "This is an inhumane act of adults towards small creatures. On the part of the Young Pioneers Council

Provincial comrades, we will launch activities for children across the province to donate and support baby Hao and other abused children" [45].

Some people believe that the person who tortured Hao was a hundred times more brutal than the case of Mr. and Mrs. Duc, the pho seller, who tortured Binh, which the press previously exposed [53]. Public opinion also spoke out about who would raise the child: “I, like many other mothers, am worried about what will happen to Hao? If the provincial government decides, will he be compensated?... He needs love and special care now, so can the orphanage guarantee that he will receive that? Meanwhile, there are many kind-hearted people who want to adopt him. Everyone, please think about Thien Nhan. If it weren't for the Mai Anh - Quang Nghinh family who loved him wholeheartedly and brought him to the orphanage, would he be who he is today?...” (ngokimcuc1979@yahoo.com) [7] .

As M. Weber said: Public opinion is the bridge between social consciousness and social action. Therefore, by forming and expressing public opinion, new media can perform well the function of "collective organization, collective agitation", contributing to creating spiritual motivation and strength for social actions. Social action here is to condemn acts of violating children's rights, requesting authorities to judge the right people, the right crimes, share and help the victims materially and spiritually, or learn from experiences for themselves and their families. The beauty of mass media is that it knows how to arouse compassion and a benevolent heart in each person, creating public opinion. Mass media forms public opinion on the implementation of children's rights in order to organize and mobilize people to participate in social management, take actions to protect children, effectively implement children's rights, and educate people to be aware of implementing children's rights.

Since the news of Hao's brutal torture, many groups and individuals inside and outside the province have visited him at the provincial hospital and donated money. Some people cried, came directly or called the Dan Tri newspaper office to share their sympathy for his pain, many people wanted to adopt him and provide for him until he grew up. Some people from Hanoi came to the provincial Social Protection Center to visit him. He has received from the generosity of organizations and individuals inside and outside the country, up to October 9, 2008, nearly 191 million VND, 300 US dollars, and 100 Canadian dollars. From that, the representative of the Department of Child Protection and Care highly appreciated the role of the Social Protection Center: "... The media has joined in very quickly and strongly.

and closely follow the case. Newspapers are still limited in information. I appreciate the online newspaper Dan Tri for providing a lot of quick and accurate information about this violence. It is the strong involvement of the press that has influenced the relevant agencies to quickly get involved to resolve this case together" [105].

In Binh Phuoc province, there are very few media products about children that create debate, form and express public opinion. The media has not created public opinion on both cases of violations of children's rights and matters that need to create positive public opinion to effectively implement children's rights. The media has not really been a forum for the people to monitor the implementation of children's rights through public opinion. The public has great expectations for the role of the Binh Phuoc media in forming and expressing public opinion in implementing children's rights. "There are also cases where the media in the province reported on cases of violations of children's rights such as child abuse. Public opinion in the province also condemned, but only stopped there, there were few strong social activities, creating a movement to protect children, condemning and demanding strict handling of those who committed the crime. The media does not do this and neither do social organizations. So public opinion rose a little bit and then calmed down" (PVS, public, female, civil servant, 31 years old, university degree).

In summary, Binh Phuoc public has quite positive assessment of the role of mass media in the province in forming and expressing public opinion on the implementation of children's rights, although in reality this role has not been well performed by mass media.

3.3.3. On the role of promoting and encouraging the implementation of children's rights

The role of advocating and encouraging the implementation of children's rights is the one that the TTDC pays the most attention to. And the majority of the public highly appreciates this role of the TTDC in Binh Phuoc (good 48.8%; fair 17.3%).

The role of promoting and encouraging the implementation of children's rights of the electronic Binh Phuoc Newspaper is the highest rated by the public (31.6% good, 43.9% fair); second is Binh Phuoc Radio and Television Station; third is Binh Phuoc Print Newspaper and the most limited is district-level radio (27.6% good, 40.2% fair). It can be seen that the public's assessment is very different from the results of the analysis of the content of the communication message and the assessment of the communication staff.

Table 3.15. Results of the survey on the opinions of adult public on the role of promoting and encouraging the implementation of children's rights of mass media in Binh Phuoc province

Good	Rather	Medium	Weak	Total
1. Binh Phuoc Newspaper	Quantity	110	205	125	13	453
1. Binh Phuoc Newspaper	Proportion	24.3	45.3	27.6	2.9	100.0
2. Radio and Television Binh Phuoc image	Quantity	149	208	133	13	503
2. Radio and Television Binh Phuoc image	Proportion	29.6	41.4	26.4	2.6	100.0
3. District level radio	Quantity	105	153	105	18	381
3. District level radio	Proportion	27.6	40.2	27.6	4.7	100.0
4. Binh Phuoc Electronic Newspaper	Quantity	62	86	47	1	196
4. Binh Phuoc Electronic Newspaper	Proportion	31.6	43.9	24.0	0.5	100.0

There are differences in the assessment of the role of advocacy and encouragement of children's rights implementation among the public groups by occupation in general, but not too large (sig=0.047; Cramer's V=0.256) (See Table 26 Appendix). The results are similar for the public at different educational levels (sig=0.035; phi=0.259 6 ).

Setting examples of good people, good deeds, and good models in implementing children's rights is rated slightly higher by the public (30.8% rated good; 46.4% rated fair) than calling for help for disadvantaged children (32.2% rated good, 42.8% rated fair).

Regarding the appeal to help disadvantaged children, the adult public rated the quality of this purpose of publication highest on the electronic Binh Phuoc Newspaper (good 43.4%, fair 36.7%); second was on the printed Binh Phuoc Newspaper; third was Binh Phuoc Radio and Television; lowest was district-level radio (good 37.8%, fair 37.8%). There was a continued difference compared to the results of the analysis of the content of the communication message. The role of Binh Phuoc Radio and Television was not as highly appreciated by the public as it performed. In other words,

6 Phi is a statistic to measure the degree of dependence of two nominal variables with the nominal (there are only two levels). Value

of the variable from 0-1, the closer to 1 shows the more dependent the two variables are.

It does not mean that the more propaganda, the more appreciated by the public. The more important issue is the content, quality of propaganda and meeting the needs of the public. Therefore, Binh Phuoc Radio and Television needs to innovate and improve the quality of humanitarian television programs.

The Binh Phuoc public highly appreciates the humanitarian charity activities of the provincial Center for Social Welfare, which has called on the people and philanthropists to help disadvantaged children, so many children and their families have overcome their hardships to some extent, contributing to better realization of children's rights. "Every week I watch the programs Desire to Live and Sharing the Pain. I am very moved by the situations and also regularly support. Binh Phuoc Radio is doing this very meaningfully, I strongly support it" (The public answered an interview on Binh Phuoc Radio and Television).

Thanks to the program Sharing the Pain, the family of Le Trong Huu in Phuoc Thien commune, Bu Dop district received nearly 21 million VND; two sisters Nguyen Thi Quynh Huong and Nguyen Thi Quynh Giang in Dong Tien commune, Dong Phu district received nearly 20 million VND... from the kind hearts of philanthropists near and far. Thanks to the program Aspiration to Live Connecting with Golden Hearts, Nguyen Thi Mo in Long Tan commune, Bu Gia Map district received nearly 24 million VND for medicine for her mother; Thi Nhung and Dieu Hai in Phu Nghia commune, Bu Gia Map district received 30.9 million VND and 20 million VND to build charity houses... This is the valuable material and spiritual help that poor children in Binh Phuoc receive thanks to the TTDC. It can be said that the social effectiveness and humanitarian significance of the two programs are very great, together with the province carrying out the work of protecting, caring for and educating children while the people's lives are difficult, the province is still poor, the local budget is not enough to take care of all children. The charitable activities of the Center for Rehabilitation in Binh Phuoc are increasingly welcomed by the people and have become a trusted address for disadvantaged children. "I am very grateful to the program and the generous uncles and aunts who have cared for and helped my family. I will go back to school and study really well" (A child in difficult circumstances answered an interview on the program Sharing the Pain).

The means of communication of Binh Phuoc province have connected society, bringing people

come closer together through sharing and compassion. With the power of TTDC, the

The humanitarian program for children has created a great social effect, multiplying the golden hearts in the community, becoming a profound and meaningful social movement, helping poor children to rise up in life, contributing to ensuring the good implementation of children's rights. But this is not the issue that Binh Phuoc's TTDC is most concerned about, as shown in the research results of Trinh Duy Luan and Mai Quynh Nam [208, p.462]. Children with difficulties in rural areas appear on TTDC more than urban children, different from the research results of Trinh Duy Luan and Mai Quynh Nam [208, p.464].

In the activity of promoting good people, good deeds, and good models in implementing children's rights on Binh Phuoc's social network, Binh Phuoc Electronic Newspaper continued to be rated the highest (good accounted for 44.2%; fair accounted for 38.0%); second was Binh Phuoc Radio and Television Station; third was Binh Phuoc Printed Newspaper; lowest was district-level radio (good accounted for 38.5%; fair accounted for 37.1%).

Many people are interested in hearing and seeing examples of good people, good deeds, and good models of implementing children's rights and learning from their own experiences. "I learned a lot from my brothers, sisters, and friends in the Children's Magazine. They are good students, well-behaved, some are poor but study very well and are filial to their parents. I admire them very much. I feel so lucky, I know how to save money to help my friends in need. I also study by myself, without my parents reminding me too much" (IVS, young audience, male, 11 years old, 5th grader).

From the examples of good people, good deeds, and good models of implementing children's rights reflected on Binh Phuoc Information Center, the public has information, lessons learned, and many actions to implement children's rights well in the family and society. However, there is no significant difference between public groups in implementing children's rights in the family.

The majority of the public registered their children's births in accordance with regulations (73.4% immediately after birth; 24.7% within 1-3 months). Regarding matters related to children, the majority of the adult public allowed their children to participate in discussions (78.4%); were consulted (36.9%); were informed (13.2%); and especially 26.2% of the public allowed their children to make their own decisions.

Most people take good care of their children, ensuring nutrition so that they can develop physically. Most people give their children a place to study.

(accounting for 98.8%). Most adults spend time for their children to play and entertain after school (accounting for 99.4%) and create conditions for their children to participate in social activities: the most popular are youth and children's activities (accounting for 91.9%); attend gifted classes (accounting for 57.0%)... After school hours, their parents often let their children play and entertain (accounting for 84.9%); watch TV and listen to the radio (accounting for 80.1%); read newspapers (accounting for 33.8%). Some parents let their children help with housework such as cleaning the house, looking after the house (accounting for 52.6%); cooking (accounting for 44.6%); babysitting (accounting for 34.0%). Children are allowed to participate in labor but only with light tasks, helping them develop physically and mentally and ensuring that it does not affect their health, play, and study. However, some parents also let their children do heavier labor: taking care of the elderly and sick (22.4%); herding cows and gardening (13.6%); participating in family production and business (8.8%); working for hire (2.9%).

The majority of the public cares about their children's education by studying together (61.6%); sending them to extra classes (53.8%); hiring a tutor (6.4%); providing enough school supplies for their children (99.6%); regularly contacting the school (89.6%); regularly checking their children's daily notebooks (79.0%). The majority of the public reminds and advises their children when they do something wrong (92.8%), while some scold (8.9%); and beat them (2.7%).

When their children are sick, adults often take them to the hospital or doctor (96.0%). However, there are also many parents who take care of them themselves (34.9%); buy medicine at home (36.2%). Most of the public give their children full vaccinations, iron and vitamin A tablets (99.4%). Most of the public do not discriminate and love their sons and daughters equally (92.3%). However, the public does not respect their children's privacy, with 70.9% checking their children's letters, diaries, and phone calls. Not many people let their children own private property (46.9%).

Through some of the above indicators, it can be seen that the implementation of children's rights by many parents is not good, there are signs of violating children's rights or implementing children's rights incompletely. Notably, most of the public's experiences and skills in child care are learned from friends and colleagues (accounting for 68.7%); learned from family members (accounting for 67.7%); learned from neighbors (accounting for 42.7%)... more than learning from the provincial Center for Child Care. (See Table 27 Appendix)

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